Vertigo, a common symptom of nervous system diseases

Common vertigo

1. Otolithiasis

It is the most common in clinic, and it is mostly seen in otorhinolaryngology. Dizziness is related to the head position. The onset is sudden, and it begins with persistent dizziness, and it will be relieved after a few days and turn into paroxysmal dizziness. However, dizziness occurs when the head is in a certain position, which can last for tens of seconds, and it can be alleviated or disappeared when turning or reversing the head position. Significant nystagmus can be seen, and the duration of vertigo varies greatly. Most of them relieve or disappear within a few hours or days after onset.
 
2.Ménière’s disease
 
The clinical manifestation is that vertigo is intermittent and recurrent, with intervals ranging from days, months and years. It often happens suddenly. At the beginning, dizziness reaches the most serious degree, and the head movement and eyes are intensified, which is often accompanied by dumping. It is in a state of panic due to violent rotation and movement, accompanied bytinnitusdeafNausea, vomiting, pallor, slow pulse, decreased blood pressure andnystagmus. The duration of each time varies from several minutes to several hours, and some of them are in a continuous state for several days. Tired and sleepy after each attack. Intermittent balance and hearing return to normal. Vertigo follows the affected side after multiple attacks.deafOn the contrary, the aggravation is reduced and developed to complete.deafDizziness also disappears.
 
3. Ischemic lesions of VBA system of vertebrobasilar artery.
 
havenystagmusWithout other symptoms and signs of the nervous system. According to the clinical manifestations are divided into:① Transient ischemic attack type The attack is irregular, but it can be relieved or disappeared several times a day or once every few days, usually for several minutes to half an hour. Mild people only have dizziness and instability, while severe people frequently attack and progress to complete maze stroke.② Progressive stroke type Vertigo after onset,tinnitusdeafThe continuous progress intensified and reached its peak in a few days.③ Complete stroke type Dizziness, instability,tinnitusdeafPeak, obvious nystagmus. Symptoms can be gradually relieved after several weeks. There is always a legacyHearing impairmentDizziness.
 

There are other diseases that can also cause dizziness, all of which belong to the category of vertigo, such as: smallencephalorrhagia, cervical lesions,Intracranial tumorCraniumbrain traumaPoisoning by drugs or poisons, inflammatory demyelinating diseases, etc.

check

(1) Examination of vestibular function in consulting room or bedside: including upright dumping test, standing still test, neck twisting test, etc.
 
(2) nystagmus
 
(3) electronystagmography
 
(4) Balance posture diagram
 
Head CT, MRI, etc. to determine whether there are head space occupying, ischemic or hemorrhagic diseases.
 
Including blood pressure, electrocardiogram, biochemical examination, etc.
 
With the rapid development of medical science and technology, the detection of vestibular function is becoming more and more perfect, and electronystagmography (ENG) and posturography (PG) are commonly used in clinic. In recent years, some emerging vestibular test technologies, such as video electronystagmography (VNG), vestibular autorotation test (VAT), video head pulse test (V-HIT), dynamic visual sensitivity test (DVA), subjective visual straight line test, dynamic posturography and high-frequency rotation test, have been in succession.
 

Cambodia plans to build a light rail to ease traffic congestion in the capital Phnom Penh.

  China news agency, Phnom Penh, February 8 (Reporter Huang Yaohui) The Ministry of Public Works and Transport of Cambodia said on the 8th that Cambodia plans to build a light rail to alleviate the traffic congestion in the capital Phnom Penh, and entrusted the Japan International Cooperation Agency to conduct a feasibility study.

  Sun Zhantuo, the country’s minister of public works and transportation, said that the light rail needs less space, is environmentally friendly and will not emit harmful smoke. He said that after the feasibility study report is completed, the government will look for $800 million to develop it.

  According to Watson suglia, spokesman of the Ministry of Public Works and Transport, Japan plans to conduct analysis and study in April, and it is expected to complete the feasibility study report in May next year. He also said that the light rail construction plan is a key part of the government’s implementation of the public transport system, and it is committed to alleviating the increasingly serious traffic jam in Phnom Penh.

  Mianmi Picaday, spokesman of Phnom Penh Municipal Government, revealed that the light rail project started from Monilie Avenue and went along Yongsheng Road to Zongzhou Disc Road. The municipal government of Phnom Penh attaches great importance to the light rail construction plan. Last year, the mayor of Phnom Penh, Basu Jiedewang, led a delegation to visit Japan.

  Sun Zhantuo said that the government still needs to study to determine whether to hand over the project to a private company for development, or whether the government seeks assistance, or whether the government cooperates with a private company for development. (End)

Blockchain+digital assets, a new starting point for future wealth

Text |analysys Yiguan

The White Paper on Panorama of Digital Economy condenses the accumulation of experience and data of various industries in digital economy by Analysys, and combines the actual business and future challenges of enterprises in the digital age, as well as the innovation breakthrough of digital technology and other factors, and finally starts with the development trend of digital economy and cases in various fields to help enterprises clarify their industry positioning and business development direction under the digital wave.

The White Paper on Digital Economy Panorama continues to pay attention to the field of digital assets. With the rapid iteration of emerging technologies such as big data, Internet of Things, cloud computing, artificial intelligence and 5G, China’s digital economy has ushered in vigorous development. As a permanent, tamper-proof, verifiable, trustworthy and programmable distributed ledger technology, blockchain technology provides a new paradigm for the creation, distribution, storage, transaction and use of digital assets, and realizes a major transformation from information Internet to value Internet. Blockchain technology supports the safe, transparent and credible value transfer of digital assets in the Internet and will play a vital role in the future digital economy.

Definition and characteristics of digital assets

Digital assets refer to digital resources that are owned or controlled by individuals or enterprises in cyberspace, exist in digital form and are expected to bring economic benefits.

Digital assets have the following characteristics:

1. Digital assets are owned or controlled by a clear subject.

Digital assets are owned or controlled by individuals, enterprises, countries and other subjects, who have the ownership, use and management rights of digital assets, and their rights can be guaranteed by digital technology.

2. Digital assets flow in cyberspace in digital form.

The biggest difference between digital assets and traditional assets is that traditional assets exist in actual physical space, while digital assets exist in cyberspace, so digital assets are stored and circulated in digital form.

3. Digital assets are digital resources that can bring economic benefits.

The essence of digital assets is wealth or resources that can bring economic benefits to the subject. Digital resources that have no exchange value and use value and cannot bring economic benefits cannot be recognized as digital assets.

4. Digital assets are digital assets created by the main body in social and economic activities, which are not created out of thin air, but obtained through the corresponding labor, capital and technology paid by the main body in social and economic activities, through production and purchase.

5. The value of digital assets is measurable, separable and combinable.

Digital assets can be priced and measured by accounting rules, and their values can be split and combined.

Classification and development status of digital assets

As a digital representation of value or rights, blockchain digital assets are called encrypted assets and encrypted certificates by the industry. Considering the diversity of blockchain systems, applications and digital assets, based on the typical characteristics of blockchain digital assets, digital assets can be divided into two categories: homogeneous pass and heterogeneous pass (NFT).

Classification of digital assets

1. Homogeneity certificate

Digital currency can be regarded as a virtual digital pass based on node network and digital encryption algorithm. Each pass has no particularity, but it is still essentially different from the virtual currency issued by network enterprises. Its core features are mainly reflected in three aspects: first, an open algorithm; Second, there is no issuer, and its issuance is not controlled by individuals and institutions; Thirdly, based on the algorithm, the real-time consensus mechanism has high security. Homogeneous certificate has developed rapidly since the birth of Bitcoin, and it has brought great challenges to the existing monetary system.

2. Non-homogeneous certificate

The full name of NFT is Non-Fungible Token, and the Chinese name is translated into non-homogeneous certificate (or non-homogeneous token). It is stored in the digital ledger, and a data unit generated by a specific software program of a public blockchain platform (such as "Ethereum") is recorded in the smart contract generated by the platform. As a tool for identifying the source of specific digital assets, it has the characteristics of indivisibility, irreplaceable and uniqueness. NFT usually uses a long string of English letters and numbers to connect with a specific blockchain and its smart contracts. This code is also called "hash function". Because of this feature, NFT has recently become an excellent tool to preserve and identify any electronic files. No matter whether image files, audio-visual works or even various tangible and intangible properties are virtualized and digitized, such as game props in online games or bills and works of art that map real life, they can be branded with NFT marks and become unique "blocks" for permanent preservation and verification.

Development Status of Digital Assets

The global digital asset market is booming. As one of the important innovative products of financial technology, digital currency has brought a far-reaching impact on the whole financial industry and its regulatory field. Central banks and institutional giants from all over the world have entered the field of digital assets represented by digital currency.

1. Homogeneity certificate

In terms of quantity, as of December 31st, 2021, the number was 16,223 (data source: Finbold), an increase of about 98.98% compared with 8153 in January, 2021. 8070 new Token were created throughout the year, and about 21 new cryptocurrencies were launched on the market every day on average.

In terms of the number of users, as of December 29, 2021, there were 295 million cryptocurrency users in the world, an increase of 178.30% compared with the beginning of 2021. It took only four months (February-June) for the number of users to increase from 100 million to 200 million. The main reason is the rapid rise of the counterfeit coins ShibaToken(SHIB) and Dogecoin(DOGE) in a short period of time, and the driving force of the cutting-edge technology leader Musk. In the second half of 2021, in view of the increasingly strict policies in digital currency (the major exchanges intend to repel China users), the growth rate of user scale has gradually slowed down.

From the perspective of exchanges, it can be divided into centralized exchanges and decentralized exchanges. Among them, the centralized exchange presents a super-strong situation. Among several centralized trading platforms, Binance still maintains a leading position, and its CEO Zhao Changpeng has therefore reached the top of Asia’s richest man. The transaction volume of Huobi and OKEx decreased compared with 2019. Uniswap still maintains its leading position in decentralized exchanges, but based on the characteristics of decentralized exchanges, its network congestion and unstable trading slip points are still one of the main reasons that restrict the development of decentralized exchanges.

2. Non-homogeneous certificate

After the development in recent years, the non-homogeneous certificate (NFT) has been used in the art industry for its scarcity, uniqueness and non-replicability, and has become one of the important ways to digitize assets. In 2018, NFT’s sales experienced a short-term prosperity, then entered the bottom of the bubble in 2019, the market gradually picked up in 2020, and the NFT ushered in an outbreak in 2021. In this process, the proportion of works of art in the total sales of digital collections has been increasing, and at the same time, it has promoted the continuous exploration of NFT in application scenarios. By the beginning of 2020. The NFT market size exceeds $26.9 billion.

Blockchain technology to solve the core problems of digital assets

Blockchain technology is considered to be the fifth subversive innovation of computing paradigm after mainframe, personal computer, internet and mobile social network, and the fourth milestone in the evolution history of human credit after blood credit, precious metal credit and central bank paper money credit. Its technology is the embryonic form of the next generation of cloud computing, and it is an important tool to realize the transformation from the current information Internet to the value Internet. Blockchain can be divided into three models: public chain, alliance chain and private chain on different platforms. Its technical features include: distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, asymmetric encryption and authorization technology, consensus mechanism, intelligent contract, traceability, etc., which greatly reduces the intermediary cost in asset transactions, creates reliable transaction constraints, and solves the problems of asset anti-counterfeiting and tracking.

Confirmation of digital assets

The traditional form of asset registration is stored in a centralized database, which is vulnerable to attacks, making it difficult to guarantee the security of assets, and the data in the network is easy to be copied and disseminated, making it difficult to confirm the assets, and making it impossible for its owners to obtain reasonable economic benefits. The logic of blockchain can support the determination of digital asset ownership. Digital assets can be confirmed by using blockchain digital signature, consensus mechanism, smart contract, time stamp and other technologies, so that the owners, producers and users of assets can join the blockchain network as important nodes, establish a safe and credible identity system and responsibility division system, and record and trace the transmission, use, transaction and income of digital assets throughout the cycle, which provides a solid technical foundation for the circulation of digital assets.

Authenticity and credibility of digital assets

With the development of digital technology, traditional paper bills have gradually evolved into digital bills. At present, the main defects of digital bills are that the authenticity of bills is difficult to guarantee, the illegal trading of bills is chaotic, and the risk of default is due. Blockchain NFT technology can effectively solve the problem of ticket fraud, and at the same time establish a brand-new continuous "endorsement" mechanism between multi-party nodes, which truly reflects the transfer process of bill rights. Once the data is uploaded, all nodes in the blockchain jointly maintain the same account book, and all nodes can be used as backup nodes, which makes it impossible to conduct single-point illegal operations. At the same time, there are penalties for bad nodes in the consensus mechanism. The introduction of encryption mechanism realizes the authentication of nodes, and various encryption algorithms, such as digital signature and encryption mechanism, realize the authenticity and validity of the data in the blockchain without being tampered with, realize the multi-party trust transfer, and enable the digital bill to be split and reorganized flexibly and conveniently.

Digital assets circulation security

Blockchain can store multi-source heterogeneous digital assets on the chain through encryption algorithm, so that the data on the chain can be traded freely. After reaching a consensus through the blockchain consensus mechanism, the data will be stored in the data books of the whole network nodes, and the loss of a single point of data will not affect the integrity of the data. However, by extracting the data fingerprint through the blockchain hash algorithm and establishing the corresponding relationship between the data and the fingerprint, any form of falsification of the data will lead to the change of the data fingerprint, thus ensuring the authenticity and integrity of the digital assets. Blockchain stores data in a chain structure and adds time stamps to the data. This sequential data structure enables data operations and activities to be queried and tracked, providing an effective means for data life cycle audit and traceability. The introduction of intelligent contract can automatically execute the contract terms without the need of a third party, which is helpful for multiple participants to handle the transactions and settlement according to the pre-agreed rules, thus completing the safe circulation of digital assets.

There are still many challenges in the development of digital assets based on blockchain.

Blockchain technology and application security still need to be improved.

The application of blockchain technology can promote the security level and sharing level of digital economy, and then better empower the stable development of digital economy. However, at present, the application of blockchain technology still fails to meet the three requirements of high efficiency, low energy consumption, decentralization and security, and the transaction throughput on the chain is not high, making it difficult to carry out high-frequency sub-services continuously.

1. The scalability of blockchain is limited

In the blockchain, transaction queuing and data synchronization seriously affect the processing performance of the system. With the increase of data and nodes, the performance of the system will be further reduced, thus affecting the scalability of the blockchain. The existing consensus mechanism is difficult to meet the requirements of high throughput and low latency in large-scale network nodes.

2. There are still deficiencies in security and privacy protection.

Blockchain uses internationally accepted core constructions such as cryptographic algorithms, virtual machines and smart contracts, which are not completely autonomous and controllable, and will increase the risk of attack. A large number of complex cryptographic algorithms such as zero-knowledge proof and group signature will greatly reduce the reading and writing ability of blockchain data, which will make the original blockchain system with low processing efficiency worse.

3. Blockchain technology has the problem of circular execution of smart contracts.

Smart contracts have self-circulation characteristics similar to high-frequency trading, which will significantly amplify price fluctuations. Blockchain data information cannot be modified after it is written, which leads to the inability to return it after the transaction and poor flexibility.

Applications in the digital economy still face the following challenges.

1. Lack of typical innovative applications of blockchain that can be promoted on a large scale.

At present, the application of blockchain technology has been extended to many digital economic fields, such as digital finance, Internet of Things, intelligent manufacturing, supply chain finance, digital asset trading, etc. However, due to the complexity of the scenarios involved and the limitation of the maturity of blockchain technology, it is difficult to land the application scenarios of blockchain in agriculture, manufacturing and other fields, and there is a lack of typical innovative applications that can be promoted on a large scale.

2. It is difficult to integrate and innovate blockchain with other digital technologies.

New infrastructure is the foundation of the development of digital economy, and blockchain is an important part of it. Integration and innovation with other digital technologies is the key to promote the high-quality development of digital economy. However, at present, various technologies are still in the stage of continuous maturity, and only small functions can be integrated, and there are difficulties in deep integration.

3. The blockchain application supervision mechanism needs to be improved.

The immature blockchain supervision system is not conducive to the overall development of blockchain industry and digital economy. At present, countries around the world have not produced the best or best blockchain supervision experience, and the differences in supervision policies among countries are not conducive to the worldwide exchange and cooperation of blockchain technology. Blockchain technology has certain regulatory loopholes in the supervision of digital economy. Blockchain technology has the characteristics of distribution, good confidentiality and low cost. In the process of digital economy transactions, it is difficult for the regulatory authorities to monitor real-name customers and capital flows, which increases the security risks of blockchain application in the digital economy.

Case Analysis of Blockchain Empowering Digital Assets

Typical case 1: ABS project management platform of China Merchants Bank Credit Card Center

The credit card center of China Merchants Bank built an ABS project management platform to solve the problems of opaque information, low operational efficiency, weak risk control ability and difficult pricing in the process of asset securitization. In terms of data, by recording the application materials and the status of securities and financial products on the blockchain, bond investors can clearly see the whole process of the project from generation to release, ensuring the credibility of assets. In terms of process, a multi-center online securities management platform is built through blockchain and multi-participants to realize efficient business collaboration, shorten product release cycle and improve business operation efficiency. In terms of reconciliation, the blockchain naturally has the advantages of reconciliation-free and efficient reconciliation, eliminating the third-party credit, time cost and capital consumption of reconciliation between different institutions at present, effectively improving the efficiency of capital settlement, and at the same time, each institution has maintained relatively independent business autonomy, achieving a balance between efficiency and flexibility. In terms of supervision, blockchain completely records the whole process information of the underlying assets and projects, which can enhance the penetration of assets and facilitate data statistics and regulatory review.

Typical Case 2: China Trade and Finance Blockchain Platform

The blockchain platform for inter-bank trade and finance transactions in China is planned by the China Banking Association and jointly initiated by a number of banks. The platform makes use of the technical characteristics of blockchain, such as openness, transparency, non-tampering, high sharing and traceability, to realize the complete electronization of inter-bank transactions and the credible transmission of inter-bank information, shape the financial trust system, and jointly build a trade and financial ecosystem. The platform was officially put into operation on December 29, 2018. ICBC and China Merchants Bank completed the first cross-bank domestic letter of credit chain verification, and then successively carried out business cooperation such as forfaiting, letter of guarantee factoring and syndicated loans.

What benefits does centralized drug collection bring when drugs are reduced in price and quality, and patients’ burden is reduced?

  Cartography: Andy

  In the pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, pharmacists are distributing purchased drugs to patients. People’s vision

  A hospital in Wuhan publicized the centralized drug purchase policy to patients. Photo by Xin Ming Sun

  Recently, a number of drugs have been reduced in price, including metformin, captopril, valsartan and other drugs. On August 24th, the results of the third batch of centralized drug procurement organized by the state (hereinafter referred to as centralized drug procurement), which is the largest to date, were announced. A total of 191 brand products of 55 drugs were selected, with an average price reduction of 53%.

  Since December 2018, the state organized centralized drug procurement in 11 cities including Beijing and Tianjin (hereinafter referred to as the "4+7" pilot), the number of purchased drugs has reached more than 100, and the number of products with different brands has exceeded 300, involving more than 200 selected enterprises. To the surprise of the vast number of insured patients, every collection has greatly reduced the price of some high-priced but large-dosage good drugs and big-name drugs, with an average reduction of more than half, which greatly reduced the burden of medication, such as gefitinib (Iressa), acarbose (Betanping), and entecavir, the first-line drug for patients with lung cancer, and the first-line drug for patients with diabetes.

  Third-party evaluation shows that the quality and efficacy of the selected products have been generally recognized and accepted by doctors and patients. For the pharmaceutical industry, although it has experienced pain, it has improved the industry ecology and promoted benign development. In the future, more kinds of drugs will enter centralized procurement, which will better protect people’s demand for drugs and boost the construction of healthy China.

  The price of each batch of centralized drugs is reduced by more than half.

  The centralized procurement of drugs organized by the state brings huge consumption, and with the great advantage of super group purchase, it is exchanged for high quality and low price of drugs.

  Uncle Hong, 76, from Xiamen City, Fujian Province, has been suffering from diabetes for more than 20 years and hypertension at the same time. More than 10 years ago, Uncle Hong began to take Baitangping, which costs 3 boxes a month, each box costs more than 90 yuan, and it costs about 3,300 yuan a year, which is a bit heavy. Recently, Uncle Hong went to the hospital to prescribe medicine and found that the medicine was cheap, and it only cost about 330 yuan a year, which is 1/10 of the original cost. "I asked the doctor if he prescribed the wrong medicine. I couldn’t believe it. Thanks to the country’s good policies, it has saved money for our diabetic patients and can also use big-name drugs. " Uncle Hong said.

  Not only patients with chronic diseases, but also some seriously ill patients are greatly relieved.

  Mr. Chen from Tieling City, Liaoning Province is a patient with bone metastasis from lung cancer. He has been taking gefitinib in recent years. In the first half of 2019, when he saw that the box of gefitinib in Shenyang dropped to 547 yuan, which was more than 1,700 yuan cheaper than that in Tieling, he asked someone to buy medicine in Shenyang. At the end of 2019, Tieling City also reduced its price. He calculated that according to the consumption of 3 boxes per month, he would be reimbursed by 56%, which would cost less than 5,000 yuan per month and reduce the annual drug cost by 60,000 yuan.

  In August this year, Mr. Wu, a resident of Shanghai, went to Tongren Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine and prescribed a box of abiraterone acetate tablets for the treatment of malignant tumors as usual. He was pleasantly surprised to find that the drug with the original price of 16,268 yuan is now only 2,800 yuan, and the price reduction is over 80%. After the medical insurance reimbursement, the personal burden is 1,100 yuan.

  This is the reform dividend brought by the centralized procurement of drugs organized by the state, benefiting countless families of patients. Since December 2018, after the pilot, the state has organized all localities to form alliances with provinces as units, and entrusted the joint procurement office to carry out centralized and quantitative procurement of cross-regional alliances. Each region collects the consumption of drugs in local public hospitals, and the selected drugs will be given 50% to 80% of the market consumption, and the medical insurance will pay in advance. In the case of consistency evaluation and quality certification, the centralized drug procurement organized by the state brings huge consumption, and with the great advantage of super group purchase, it gets high quality and low price of products.

  The data show that the selected drugs are popular in clinic, and the completion degree of agreed dosage is high. After the expiration of the "4+7" pilot project for one year, the average purchase amount of 25 selected drugs was 2.4 times, and the purchase amount of selected drugs accounted for 78% of the purchase amount of the same drug.

  Shanghai is one of the "4+7" pilot cities, and it is also the earliest area to purchase with quantity. Li Ling is the chief pharmacist in the pharmacy department of Tongren Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, and also the vice chairman of the hospital pharmacy professional committee of Shanghai Pharmaceutical Association. She told reporters that Shanghai has done a good job in implementing the supporting policies of national procurement with quantity, such as leaving "air holes", and you can choose drugs from the middle or non-middle. Hospital publicity is well done and implemented, even if the original drug is replaced by generic drug, the patient’s acceptance is relatively high. Shanghai also uses near infrared spectroscopy to detect each batch of drugs to ensure excellent quality. Since the implementation, there are only a few reports of clinical adverse reactions, which are highly recognized.

  No longer "only low prices are taken"

  The entry threshold of high quality requirements means that the quality of the selected drugs is guaranteed even if the price is low.

  Amlodipine besylate tablets of 0.15 yuan each, paracetamol tablets of 0.034 yuan each, captopril tablets of 0.014 yuan each, metformin hydrochloride tablets of 0.015 yuan each … … The price of some selected drugs is as low as 10 cents and 1 cent. Is the quality reliable? Is this kind of centralized purchasing going back to the old road of "only taking low prices"?

  Gong Bo, director of the Price Mining Department of Shanghai Medical Insurance Bureau, said that in the "4+7" pilot, there were not many generic drug companies that passed the consistency evaluation, and the scope of the procurement pilot was not large. In order to reflect the scale effect, only the drugs with the lowest quotation were eligible for the selection. However, from the beginning of the national expansion of centralized procurement, the variety specifications increased, and the procurement volume expanded to the whole country. According to the market competition pattern, the maximum number of enterprises that can be selected from the middle was determined. In the third batch of centralized procurement, the maximum number of enterprises that can be selected from a variety was expanded to eight. The drugs participating in the centralized collection are generic drugs that have passed the consistency evaluation, and the quality level is high. In this case, the winning bid is different from the previous "only low price is taken" that does not distinguish the quality level. The entry threshold of high quality requirements also means that even if the price of the selected drug is low, the quality is guaranteed.

  The reporter interviewed some patients who originally used the original drug and later switched to the generic drug. In the general clinic of Wuliqiao Community Health Service Center in Shanghai, Uncle Lin, who has been taking Bai Tangping for more than 10 years, is prescribing medicine. Last month, Uncle Lin changed the drugs selected from the centralized collection. "At first, I was afraid that the effect would not be good. I opened a box first. I tried it well and chose it." Uncle Lin said.

  Huang Lei, director of Wuliqiao Community Health Service Center, said that there are currently 26 kinds of national centralized drugs used in hospitals, and amlodipine besylate and acarbose are commonly used drugs for patients with hypertension and diabetes respectively. Although they are no longer original drugs, more than 200 boxes can be prescribed every day. "These drugs have a large dosage and a large decline. After dressing change, the effect is good and they are welcomed by patients." April 20 this year was the first day of the second batch of centralized drugs, and many patients went to the hospital to buy drugs that day.

  For some drugs that have dropped to "ultra-low price", experts have analyzed that some small enterprises are using "ultra-low price" to win the chance of winning because they will die if they miss, and they will survive if they win, but it is still difficult to survive if there are no new varieties to follow up. In contrast, large enterprises are becoming more and more rational, their costs are well controlled, their quality is guaranteed, and their product lines are stable. With the optimization of market formats, they will win from them and win the market.

  It has been suggested that at such a low price, the profit margin of enterprises is too small, which will affect innovation. A number of companies said that generic drugs do not involve research and development costs, so the cost is relatively low. In many countries, generic drugs are small profits but quick turnover. Enterprises have their own strategic considerations whether to reduce prices for the market.

  For enterprises, generic drugs and innovative drugs are two systems, and it is impossible to earn back the money for developing innovative drugs by selling generic drugs. From the international experience, the financing of innovative drugs is rarely filled by the profits of generic drugs, but more by capital markets such as venture capital and stock market.

  In the third batch of centralized procurement, Jiangsu Haosen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. has 6 products to participate in the bidding and 5 products were selected. In the three batches of centralized purchasing, several products of Hausen were selected at a large price reduction, but it did not affect the pace of innovation. The relevant person in charge of the company said that the centralized procurement rules are becoming more and more perfect, the hospital implementation is in place, and the actual consumption is far greater than the reported amount, which gives the enterprise great confidence. Enterprises are actively transforming into innovative enterprises. At present, there are several 1.1 innovative drugs waiting to be listed in the fields of hypoglycemic, tumor and hematology.

  The "patent cliff" appeared

  Centralized purchasing with quantity makes it impossible to maintain the high price of the original research drugs that have passed the patent period, and the price has dropped sharply, so that patients can afford big-name drugs.

  In these rounds of centralized procurement, some high-priced original research drugs have encountered "patent cliff" one after another, and some people called for the original research drugs to "retreat" in centralized procurement. However, this is not the case.

  The original drug "patent cliff" first appeared in the "4+7" pilot in December 2018. At that time, the original research drug gefitinib reported the lowest price in the world of 547 yuan, which was 76% lower than the original price. In the industry’s view, this is not only a price reduction, but also a new drug price era of the original research drug "patent cliff".

  The "patent cliff" refers to the phenomenon that the price of generic drugs has dropped sharply after the patent of the original drug expires. In China, after many patented drugs expired, generic drugs failed to appear. Even if it appears, because there is no conformity evaluation quality certification, it is impossible to confirm the quality level of generic drugs at the time of bidding, and the procurement with quantity has not been really implemented. Therefore, the original research drugs that have passed the patent period still maintain high drug prices and occupy a large market share. Generic drugs can’t replace the original drugs, and the drug burden of patients remains high.

  At the time of the "4+7" pilot, the situation has completely changed. The third generation of targeted drugs for non-small cell lung cancer has been listed, and the first imitation drug in China has also been listed. As the first generation product, gefitinib will soon be eliminated from the market. In the case that a large number of generic drugs have passed the consistency evaluation and the country began to organize centralized procurement of drugs with quantity, the price of gefitinib, the original research drug, has become a wise choice to cope with market competition and has become the first patent cliff in the history of Chinese medicine.

  In the second batch of drug collection in January this year, the original drug "patent cliff" appeared again. The price reduction of acarbose, the original drug for diabetes, exceeded 90%; Meloxicam tablets, the original research drug for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, reduced its price by more than 80%, and the price per tablet dropped from 2 yuan to 0.18 yuan.

  In the third batch of centralized drug procurement organized by the state, more original drugs were involved. Although only three original drugs were selected, as in the previous collections, the original drug research enterprises actively participated, not "retreated".

  Gong Bo said: "The price of original drugs is generally high, and the price is changed by quantity, which requires a sharp price reduction of drugs. In drug collection at home and abroad, the selection of generic drugs is a normal phenomenon, and the selection of original drugs is an exception. " From the point of view of the original drug research enterprise, the failure to choose is closely related to the development strategy of the enterprise itself. Whether to occupy the selected market or the non-selected market, what impact it will have on major domestic and foreign markets, etc., all need to be considered.

  Hu Shanlian, a professor at the School of Public Health of Fudan University, said that the pharmaceutical companies that can significantly reduce prices are mainly due to the high cost of circulation. Most of these successful bidders control the source of raw materials, so they can achieve significant price cuts. Some of the original drugs have been greatly reduced in price in order that a new generation of products can quickly occupy the market. "This shows the direction of innovation in the future and will bring a new atmosphere to the entire pharmaceutical industry."

  The data shows that from the situation of "4+7" pilot areas, the proportion of people using original drugs and generic drugs that passed the consistency evaluation has greatly increased from about 50% to over 90%, and the quality level of patients’ medication has improved significantly.

  "Selling with gold" disappeared.

  Centralized procurement with quantity promotes the replacement of high-priced original research drugs with cheap generic drugs, and the low-priced drugs that patients love are revived. Enterprises pay attention to product quality and no longer promote sales with kickbacks.

  Centralized purchasing with quantity not only promotes generic drugs to replace original drugs, but also forces enterprises to change the unreasonable "sales with gold" model and guide enterprises to pay attention to product quality instead of focusing on sales, thus changing the industry ecology.

  In the past, some drugs were sold with money. Drugs are given to agents at the reserve price, and they are sold by layers of rebates. The price can often be several times or even ten times higher than the ex-factory price, resulting in a false high price.

  "In the past, there was no quantity in centralized bidding for drugs. Although the drugs won the bid, there was still a threshold for entering the hospital, and ‘ Sales with gold ’ Mode. Centralized purchasing with quantity allows enterprises to have expectations, understand that there will be a market if they are selected, and can comprehensively consider factors such as cost, market and development strategy to quote. Say goodbye to the unreasonable ‘ Sales with gold ’ The model will help improve the industry ecology and promote the sound development of the industry. " Wu Ming, assistant director of Peking University School of Medicine and professor of health economics, said.

  Due to the change of "sales with gold" mode, in the second batch of centralized purchase, some low-priced drugs that patients used to love were revived and returned to the market. For example, acetaminophen, an antipyretic and analgesic drug, was selected at a price of 0.03 to 0.07 yuan/tablet, slightly higher than the lowest selling price of 0.02 yuan/tablet in history, which made low-priced drugs have a certain profit and gained a market, as well as metronidazole for toothache and amoxicillin for standing antibiotics.

  These low-priced drugs have low production costs and fierce competition. In the past, due to the circulation mode, it was impossible to afford the cost of "selling with gold", but it was difficult for low-priced drugs to open the market and was "reversely eliminated" by high-priced drugs, making it difficult for patients to buy drugs at low prices. This is the well-known phenomenon of drug "price reduction to death" in the past. After the centralized procurement and use of drugs organized by the state, enterprises no longer need to carry out sales public relations through purchasing with quantity and ensuring use, and low-priced drugs can be "resurrected" and returned to the market.

  Some quality-oriented enterprises win the market through centralized procurement. In the third batch of centralized purchase, Azacytidine for injection of Sichuan Huiyu Pharmaceutical was selected from each 260 yuan. It is the first imitation drug, which has been listed in Europe for the first time before. Through centralized purchasing, this product can enter the hospital without setting up a sales team to realize small profits but quick turnover. "We pay attention to product quality, and the products quickly pass the consistency evaluation when they come out. Now you can enter the hospital through centralized procurement, which is also the signal that quantity procurement sends to the market — — Excellent quality can enter the hospital and win the market. " The person in charge of Sichuan Huiyu Pharmaceutical said.

  Centralized purchasing is also beneficial to enterprises with listing licenses. Listed license holders (enterprises) who focus on product research and development have no sales team. The policy of purchasing with quantity makes this kind of products directly enter the hospital, without the extra cost of "selling with gold".

  Shanghai Anbisheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. is a listed license holder enterprise. During the "4+7" pilot project, Ji Ran, the general manager of the company, thought that the cost of academic meetings and marketing promotion could be reduced to ensure profits. In the third batch of centralized purchasing, the enterprise products were selected again.

  Wu Ming believes that from the current situation, centralized drug collection is a breakthrough in the reform of compensation mechanism in public hospitals and the promotion of "three medical linkages". After several rounds of centralized procurement, the number of selected drugs increased, and the amount of money accounted for a higher and higher proportion of medical insurance payment, which was gradually recognized by doctors and patients. At the same time, due to the sharp drop in prices, medical insurance frees up space to optimize the drug structure, which is conducive to drug innovation. The surplus hospitals that purchase drugs from medical insurance can be retained, which urges hospitals to actively control costs and incite the reform of public hospitals.

  More drugs usher in "super group purchase"

  Centralized purchasing with quantity enters the normal operation track, which means that patients can use high-quality and high-priced drugs for a long time, benefiting more patients.

  Since the second batch of centralized procurement, the state has organized drug centralized procurement to enter a normal operation track. In the future, more and more products will be included in centralized procurement with quantity.

  From July 15th to 16th this year, the National Medical Insurance Bureau held a forum to listen to experts’ opinions and suggestions on centralized procurement of biological products (including insulin) and Chinese patent medicines, study and improve procurement policies in related fields, and promote the reform of procurement methods. This releases the signal that more drugs will be brought into centralized collection.

  Normalization of centralized purchasing means that high-quality and high-priced drugs can be used for a long time, not only western medicines, but also Chinese patent medicines and insulin injections commonly used by diabetic patients in the future. Shi Luwen, a professor at Peking University School of Pharmacy, said: "The centralized drug collection mechanism organized by the state is closely linked with its procurement, payment, payment and use, ‘ Sanyi ’ The coordination of linkage ensures the quality of drugs and timely supply. For patients, they can enjoy long-term reform dividends and reduce drug costs. At the same time, because the overall quality of the selected drugs is good, gradually establishing recognition of the national pharmaceutical industry can better safeguard people’s health. "

  At present, there are only 112 kinds of drugs involved in the three batches of centralized purchase, but the basic drugs for urban workers’ medical insurance in China have reached more than 2,000 kinds, and the number of drugs that have not entered the centralized purchase and failed the conformity evaluation of generic drugs is still large. However, under the effect of centralized production with quantity, more and more drugs are facing the pressure of price reduction.

  According to the relevant regulations, the payment standard will be gradually adjusted for some drugs whose prices are quite different from those of the selected drugs, and will be adjusted in place within two or three years; In some places, special centralized collection with quantity is carried out for some drug varieties. In August this year, Shanghai issued a document to encourage public medical institutions in this city to explore and carry out centralized bargaining procurement for drugs selected from non-centralized procurement in the form of medical consortia, monomers or voluntary procurement alliances.

  In the future, the mechanism of centralized mining with quantity still needs to be improved in practice. In the interview, some pharmaceutical companies told reporters that some drugs have been collected and their prices are close to the "floor price". It is suggested that the same medical insurance payment standard as the collection price should be enabled, so that China pharmaceutical enterprises can have more development space and patients can choose more space; According to the rules of centralized procurement, three companies of the same drug can automatically trigger centralized procurement through consistency evaluation, but some products have not been evaluated for two or three years after consistency evaluation, so they cannot participate in centralized procurement; Some hospitals expressed the hope to implement the method of "surplus retention and reasonable cost overruns sharing" as soon as possible to improve the enthusiasm of medical institutions to adopt selected drugs.

  "With the expansion of centralized procurement coverage, the continuous improvement of rules and the coordinated efforts of supporting policies, the effect of purchasing with quantity will become more and more prominent, and the four effects at the beginning of policy design will be gradually realized, namely, drug price reduction and quality assurance, transformation and upgrading of the pharmaceutical industry, deepening reform of public hospitals, and reducing the burden and increasing efficiency of medical security." Wu Ming said.

Zhao Leji’s Work Report at the Second Plenary Session of the 19th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection

  (Authorized to release) Guided by the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the New Era, unswervingly implement the strategic plan of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China to strictly manage the Party in an all-round way — — Work Report at the Second Plenary Session of the 19th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection in communist party, China

  Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, February 12th

Guided by Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the New Era,

Unswervingly implement the strategic plan of strictly administering the Party in an all-round way at the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China.

— — Work Report at the Second Plenary Session of the 19th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection in communist party, China

Zhao Leji

  On behalf of the Standing Committee of the 19th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, I made a work report to the second plenary session for your consideration.

  The main tasks of this plenary session are to thoroughly study and implement Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the new era, fully implement the spirit of the 19th Party Congress, and study and deploy the discipline inspection and supervision work in 2018. This morning, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader delivered an important speech, which pointed out the direction for further promoting the new great project of party building, promoting the comprehensive and strict development of the party, and deepening the building of a clean and honest party style and the anti-corruption struggle. We should conscientiously study and understand and resolutely implement it.

  First, thoroughly implement the spirit of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and faithfully fulfill the political responsibilities entrusted by party constitution.

  The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China is a very important meeting held at the decisive stage of building a well-off society in an all-round way and the critical period of Socialism with Chinese characteristics entering a new era. It is a meeting of Do not forget your initiative mind, keeping in mind the mission, holding high the banner and forging ahead in unity. It is of great and far-reaching significance for the whole party and people of all nationalities to closely unite around the CPC Central Committee with the supreme leader as the core, hold high the great banner of Socialism with Chinese characteristics, win the victory of building a well-off society in an all-round way, win the great victory of Socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era and realize the Chinese dream of great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China expounded a series of major theoretical and practical issues on upholding and developing Socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era, and formulated strategic arrangements for promoting all aspects of the work of the Party and the state. It is a political declaration and action program for our party to start a new journey and continue to write a new chapter in the new era, and provides a fundamental basis for discipline inspection and supervision to start again at a new historical starting point and achieve new success.

  Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core has comprehensively strengthened the party’s leadership and party building, resolutely changed the loose and soft state of managing the party, and strengthened the discipline and discipline, combated corruption and punished evil with tenacious will. The weather of political life within the party has been updated, the political ecology within the party has obviously improved, and the party has become stronger in revolutionary forging, giving off new strong vitality. Under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and discipline inspection committees at all levels have firmly established political awareness, overall situation awareness, core awareness and conformity awareness, strengthened Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s road confidence, theoretical confidence, institutional confidence and cultural confidence, consciously maintained a high degree of consistency with the CPC Central Committee, respected party constitution, faithfully performed his duties, promoted the comprehensive and strict management of the party, and the anti-corruption struggle has formed an overwhelming situation and consolidated development, firmly safeguarded the authority of the CPC Central Committee and centralized and unified leadership, and planted the political foundation of the party’s governance. Entering a new era and embarking on a new journey, discipline inspection and supervision organs at all levels should take advantage of the situation, keep pace with the times, deepen and develop in deepening, do not relax, stop and start again, unswervingly move forward, do things in a down-to-earth manner, and strive to win greater strategic achievements in comprehensively administering the party strictly.

  From the 19th National Congress to the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, it is the historical intersection of the goal of "two hundred years". To unite and lead the people in the great struggle, advance the great cause and realize the great dream, the Party must unswervingly uphold and improve its leadership and unswervingly build the Party stronger. The Party’s Commission for Discipline Inspection is a specialized organ for inner-party supervision and an important force for managing the Party. It is necessary to take studying and implementing the spirit of the 19th Party Congress as the primary political task at present and in the future, make great efforts in learning and understanding, and consciously unify thoughts and actions with the scientific judgment and strategic deployment made by the Party Central Committee. To fully implement the spirit of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the key lies in resolutely safeguarding the core position of the CPC Central Committee, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader, the core position of the whole Party, the authority of the CPC Central Committee and centralized and unified leadership, and always maintaining a high degree of consistency with the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core in ideological and political actions; The key lies in consciously arming the mind, guiding practice and promoting work with the supreme leader Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era, and constantly improving the Marxist theoretical level of the whole party; The key lies in unswervingly promoting the in-depth development from the strict administration of the Party in an all-round way, summing up and applying the successful experience since the 18th CPC National Congress, closely combining with the new reality, and taking more scientific, rigorous and effective measures to promote the refinement and implementation of the spirit of the 19th CPC National Congress, promote the decision-making and deployment of the CPC Central Committee to take root, and gather strong positive energy to realize the historical mission of the Party in the new era.

  (1) Firmly establish the "Four Consciousnesses" and resolutely safeguard the authority of the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core and centralized and unified leadership. It is the future and destiny of the party and the country and the fundamental interests of the people of all ethnic groups in the country to ensure the prohibition of the whole party. The Central Commission for Discipline Inspection has a special mission and great responsibility in maintaining the authority and centralized and unified leadership of the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core. It must firmly establish the "four consciousnesses", take the lead in maintaining the core position of the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader, take the lead in implementing the spirit of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee’s Several Provisions on Strengthening and Maintaining Centralized and Unified Leadership of the CPC Central Committee, take the lead in maintaining political discipline and rules, and consciously perform its duties and work under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core. Discipline inspection and supervision organs at all levels should practice the "four consciousnesses" with practical actions, faithfully perform their duties and bravely take responsibility, promote party organizations at all levels and leading cadres in party member to consciously align themselves with the core, consciously safeguard the core, firmly implement the party’s political line, and always maintain a high degree of consistency with the CPC Central Committee in political stance, political direction, political principles and political road. They must never be allowed to act independently, never allow orders to be broken, never allow policies to be imposed, and never allow countermeasures to be imposed.

  (2) Armed with the Supreme Leader’s New Era Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought, always adhere to the correct political direction of discipline inspection and supervision. Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the New Era is the outline and soul of the spirit of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, and it is the scientific theory and action guide to realize the historical mission of the Party in the new era. Discipline inspection and supervision cadres should thoroughly study and understand the supreme leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era, and profoundly understand and correctly grasp the essence and rich connotation of "eight clarifications" and "fourteen adherences"; Deeply understand and correctly grasp the theoretical and practical significance of the important conclusion that Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s most essential feature is the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s leadership, the greatest advantage of Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s system is the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s leadership, and the party is the highest political leading force; Deeply understand and correctly grasp the basic characteristics, main contradictions and strategic measures of the new era, coordinate and promote the overall layout of the "five in one" and coordinate the deployment of the "four comprehensive" strategic layout; Deeply understand and correctly grasp the new requirements of upholding the party’s leadership over all work and promoting the new great project of party building, and constantly improve the ideological and political level and work ability. We should conscientiously carry out the education on the theme of "Do not forget your initiative mind, keep in mind the mission", solidly promote the normalization and institutionalization of the study and education of "two studies and one doing", carry forward the Marxist style of study, learn from the original and integrate learning,Learn to think, practice and realize, and learn to be more firm in faith, more pure in loyalty and more reliable in responsibility; It is necessary to link with practical studies, put ourselves in, put our responsibilities in, put our work in, consciously combine the decision-making and deployment of the CPC Central Committee with the discipline inspection and supervision responsibilities scientifically, historically and concretely, and consciously put the discipline inspection and supervision work in the overall situation of building a well-off society in an all-round way and building a socialist modern country in an all-round way.

  (3) Keep calm, sober, tenacious and persistent on the road forever, and constantly promote the comprehensive and strict management of the party to develop in depth. Strictly administering the party in an all-round way is always on the road. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader solemnly warned the whole party that it is necessary to clearly understand that the ruling environment faced by the party is complex, and the factors affecting the party’s advanced nature and weakening the party’s purity are also complex. The outstanding problems existing in the party such as impure thoughts, impure organizations and impure work styles have not been fundamentally solved; We should clearly understand the long-term and complexity of the "four major tests" and the sharpness and severity of the "four dangers" faced by the party; It is necessary to clearly understand that the current situation of the anti-corruption struggle is still severe and complicated, and the determination to consolidate the overwhelming situation and win the overwhelming victory must be rock-solid. The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader has repeatedly asked us that the strict administration of the Party in an all-round way is far from complete. We should not have the idea of relaxing and resting our feet. We should not have the idea of fighting a good battle once and for all, and we should not have the idea of stopping when the initial results are good. We must never fall into the cycle of grasping and loosening, and grasping again and loosening again when problems arise. We should stick to the word "strictness" for a long time. Discipline inspection organs at all levels must fully implement the general requirements of party building in the new era, firmly grasp the fundamental principle of upholding and strengthening the party’s overall leadership, adhere to the guiding principle that the party should manage the party in an all-round way, take political construction as the guide, build the party ideologically, strengthen the party with discipline, and manage the party with the system.Effectively enhance the systematicness, creativity and effectiveness of strictly administering the party in an all-round way, and effectively enhance the party’s ability of self-purification, self-improvement, self-innovation and self-improvement. In the new layout of party building, we should identify the position and responsibilities of discipline inspection, adhere to the problem orientation, maintain strategic strength, focus on the key tasks of strictly administering the party in an all-round way, be serious about political life within the party, strictly observe political discipline and rules, strengthen party spirit, party style and discipline education, consolidate and expand the spiritual achievements of implementing the eight central regulations, win an overwhelming victory in the anti-corruption struggle, improve the supervision system of the party and the state, and continuously achieve new results and reach a new level.

  (4) Learn from party constitution and respect party constitution, and constantly improve the political ability and work level of governing the party and performing its duties according to regulations. Party constitution is the general charter for managing the Party and the general basis for the Party’s discipline inspection organs to perform their duties. Party constitution, newly revised at the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, has enriched the basic requirements of adhering to the strict management of the Party, improved the content of the Party’s discipline construction, and stipulated that the main tasks of discipline inspection committees at all levels are to safeguard the Party’s constitution and other internal laws and regulations, check the implementation of the Party’s line, principles, policies and resolutions, and assist the Party’s committees in promoting the comprehensive and strict management of the Party, strengthening the party style construction, and organizing and coordinating anti-corruption work; Duties are supervision, discipline and accountability. This is a major expansion and deepening of the functions, responsibilities and work contents of the party’s discipline inspection organs. We should persistently study party constitution, abide by party constitution, carry out party constitution, safeguard party constitution, adhere to the dialectical materialist concept of unity of knowing and doing, constantly strengthen our understanding and grasp of work rules, and resolutely implement party constitution regulations in the discipline inspection work in a concrete, rich and vivid way; Adhere to the people as the center, and truly realize what the people oppose and hate, we must resolutely guard against and correct what, and constantly enhance the people’s sense of gain; Insist on focusing on the main business, be strict with supervision, strict discipline and serious accountability, constantly enhance the principle and militancy, and constantly enhance the scientificity and accuracy, and strive to create new achievements worthy of the times, the party and the people.

  Second, the key work in 2018

  2018 is the first year to implement the spirit of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the 40th anniversary of reform and opening-up, and a crucial year to build a well-off society in an all-round way and implement the 13th Five-Year Plan. It is of great responsibility to do a good job in discipline inspection and supervision. Guided by the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era, we should implement the strategic plan of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. Do not forget your initiative mind, keep in mind the mission, strengthen the "four consciousnesses", strengthen the "four self-confidences", faithfully perform the duties entrusted by party constitution and the Constitution, closely focus on upholding and strengthening the overall leadership of the Party, closely focus on safeguarding the core position of the CPC Central Committee and the whole party, and closely focus on safeguarding the authority of the CPC Central Committee and centralized and unified leadership. Adhere to the party’s management of the party, strictly manage the party in an all-round way, adhere to the general tone of striving for progress while maintaining stability, supervise and inspect the implementation of party constitution and the spirit of the 19th Party Congress, take the party’s political construction as the guide, comprehensively promote all aspects of the party’s construction, deepen the reform of the state supervision system, persevere in rectifying the wind and discipline, deepen the anti-corruption struggle, create a good political ecology with a clean atmosphere, strengthen self-supervision, consciously accept supervision, and build a loyal and clean team of discipline inspection and supervision cadres for the final victory.

  (A) the party’s political construction in the first place

  Serious political life within the party. Our party is a Marxist political party organized by revolutionary ideals and iron discipline, and must take a clear-cut stand and stress politics. It is necessary to closely focus on the primary task of the party’s political construction, namely, ensuring that the whole party obeys the Central Committee, upholding the authority of the Party Central Committee, and centralizing and unifying leadership, strictly implement certain norms of inner-party political life under the new situation, actively carry out criticism and self-criticism, and enhance the political, contemporary, principled and combative nature of inner-party political life. Strengthen the supervision and inspection of the political life within the Party, the implementation of the Party’s line, principles and policies, the implementation of democratic centralism and other systems, promote party organizations at all levels and all party member to abide by party constitution Party rules, and resolutely implement the Party’s basic theory, line and strategy. Keep a close eye on the "key minority", urge leading cadres at all levels to consciously strengthen party spirit training, take loyalty to the party, share worries for the party, do their duty for the party, and benefit the people as fundamental political responsibilities, and constantly improve political awareness and political ability. Strict reporting system, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection should report to The Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee every year, take the initiative to report to the CPC Central Committee and the General Secretary on major issues in a timely manner, and report to the Party committees at the same level and the discipline inspection commissions at higher levels for important work, so as to keep pace and make orders forbidden.

  Strict political discipline and rules. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out that the "seven things have their own goals", which ignored the party’s political discipline and rules, had a strong realistic pertinence. It is necessary to guard against and solve outstanding problems in the political life within the Party, be highly alert to the "seven haves", resolutely eliminate two-faced people and two-faced people who are disloyal and dishonest to the Party, and resolutely fight against acts that endanger the authority of the Party Central Committee and centralize and unify leadership; Resolutely oppose and correct individualism, decentralism, liberalism, selfish departmentalism, and humanism, and will never tolerate serious investigation and punishment of cronyism, cliques, and circle culture and dock culture; Resolutely prevent the formation of interest groups within the party from seizing political power and changing the nature of the party, and resolutely prevent mountainism and sectarianism from endangering the unity of the party and undermining its centralization and unity.

  Comprehensively purify the political ecology within the party. A good political ecology is the soil for conserving the party’s fine traditions and style of work, the source of the party’s vitality and an important guarantee for promoting reform, development and stability. It is necessary to grasp the political ecological situation of regions, departments and units as a whole, pay attention to dynamic analysis and judgment, focus on political stance, political principles, political responsibility and political discipline, strengthen accountability for supervision and discipline, and assist party committees (party groups) to strengthen political ecological construction in a targeted and advancing manner. Develop a positive and healthy inner-party political culture, carry forward the values of loyalty, honesty, fairness and decency, seeking truth from facts, honesty and integrity, and resolutely resist the erosion of the principle of commodity exchange on inner-party life. In the process of changing the national and provincial people’s congresses, governments and CPPCC, it is necessary to conscientiously implement the requirements of the CPC Central Committee that "the opinions of discipline inspection and supervision organs must be listened to, and complaints and reports with specific clues must be investigated", strictly control the candidates’ political integrity, integrity and image, and strictly guard against and seriously investigate and deal with acts such as canvassing, bribery and sabotage of elections. Take the selection and employment situation as the focus of daily supervision, patrol supervision and stationing supervision, do a solid job in basic work, dynamically update the archives database of the top leaders and reserve cadres in key positions, reply to the opinions on party style and clean government, ensure the implementation of cadre standards and establish a correct orientation for employing people.

  (2) comprehensively promote the reform of the national supervision system.

  Grasp the reform objectives and tasks. Resolutely implement the strategic plan of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, focus on building a unified command, comprehensive coverage, authoritative and efficient supervision system of the Party, strengthen the restriction and supervision on the operation of power, and achieve full coverage of all public officials exercising public power. Under the unified leadership of the CPC Central Committee, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection should take the lead in grasping the overall situation, strengthen cooperation with the the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) authorities, review and pass the supervision law for the first session of the 13th National People’s Congress, establish the the National Supervisory Commission (NSC) of the People’s Republic of China, produce the National Supervisory Commission (NSC) leaders, and make good organizational, personnel and legal preparations; The central leading group for deepening the pilot reform of the national supervision system should strengthen the guidance, coordination and service for comprehensively launching the pilot work, and make overall arrangements, organize implementation and supervise implementation. Party committees at all levels should bear the main responsibility, and party Committee secretaries should be "construction captains"; The Commission for Discipline Inspection should take special responsibility, refine the reform tasks, make good progress arrangements, and promote the implementation of tasks.

  Promote the continuous deepening of reform. In accordance with the timetable and road map set by the CPC Central Committee, we will steadily deepen the reform of the national supervision system, push forward the pilot work throughout the country, and all the provincial, municipal and county supervisory committees will be formed before the end of February. After the establishment of the National Supervisory Commission (NSC) in March, the supervisory committees at all levels will quickly carry out their work according to law. Ideological and political work should run through the whole process of reform and maintain the ideological stability of cadres; Reasonably set up the internal organs of the Disciplinary Committee and the Supervisory Committee, scientifically deploy personnel from all walks of life, optimize the structure of cadres, and further strengthen the power of supervision and discipline and review and investigation; Carefully sort out the clues of suspected duty crimes handed over by procuratorial organs to ensure that all the handover is completed and complete files are established. It is necessary to strengthen political and professional training, explore the operation mechanism of supervision, improve the working system, strictly examine and approve procedures, standardize the investigation process, try out 12 investigation measures with all factors, replace the "two regulations" measures with lien, strengthen supervision and management over the whole process of examination and investigation, actively promote personnel integration and work integration, and comprehensively improve the ability to perform their duties. The Commission for Discipline Inspection and Supervision of Beijing, Shanxi and Zhejiang provinces should find the main direction of deepening reform on the basis of comprehensively summarizing the pilot experience, turn the institutional advantages into governance efficiency, give full play to the role of "pathfinder" and create more experiences that can be replicated and popularized.

  Focus on improving the supervision system of the party and the state. The fundamental purpose of deepening the reform of the state supervision system is to strengthen the party’s unified leadership over anti-corruption work and promote the modernization of the state governance system and governance capacity. It is necessary to further improve the working system, decision-making mechanism and implementation measures of the anti-corruption led by the party, establish a system for analyzing and judging the political and ecological situation in the region and listening to reports on major cases, and strictly control the decision-making on the review, investigation and disposal of serious violations of discipline and law by management cadres at the same level. Supervisory committees at all levels should strictly implement the Constitution and the supervisory law, improve relevant laws and regulations, strictly control facts, procedures and the application of laws, and improve the level of legalization of anti-corruption work. Adhere to discipline before the law, realize the smooth connection between discipline review and legal investigation, strengthen the connection between supervisory organs and judicial organs, procuratorial organs and law enforcement departments, and form an institutional mechanism that is both cooperative and mutually restrictive. Promote the supervision work to the grassroots level, so that public officials around the masses are closely supervised. Integrate inner-party supervision with state organs, democratic supervision, judicial supervision, mass supervision and public opinion supervision, and enhance the joint efforts of supervision.

  (3) Consolidate, expand and implement the spiritual achievements of the eight central regulations

  Build a protracted war with the spirit of nailing. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, remarkable achievements have been made in the construction of work style, but the problem of "four winds" is intractable and repetitive. We must persist in correcting the "four winds" in the spirit of "moving wood to establish faith". Leading cadres at all levels should take the lead in changing their style of work, often show their performance, find the gap, adhere to their own practices, and form a "head geese effect." It is necessary to take the supervision and inspection of the implementation of the spirit of the eight central regulations and their implementation rules as the key tasks and regular work of the discipline inspection and supervision organs, and stick to one node at a time, break through one problem at a time, cling to it, make no concessions, manage habits and change customs. Pay attention to the new trends of "four winds", such as invisible variation and makeover, seize the main contradiction, take excellent measures and make solid rectification. Keep a close eye on hedonism and extravagance, seriously investigate and deal with violations of discipline against the wind, and resolutely prevent rebound and resurgence. Make greater efforts to oppose formalism and bureaucracy, closely link with the reality of regions and departments, not only solve old problems, but also detect new ones, focusing on correcting some leading cadres who cherish feathers, avoid problems, are lazy and do nothing, and some grassroots cadres do nothing, act indiscriminately, and push around coldly. If the attitude is too high, the actions are too few, the implementation is poor, which hinders the implementation of the major policies of the CPC Central Committee, and the people react strongly, causing serious consequences, we should seize the typical, resolutely blame and form a deterrent.Resolutely oppose privileged thoughts and privileged phenomena, educate and guide leading cadres in party member to correctly treat and handle the relationship between public and private, righteousness and benefit, honesty and corruption, frugality and extravagance, bitterness and pleasure, and intimacy and purity, strictly discipline themselves, strictly educate and manage relatives and staff around them, and never let privileged behaviors grow and spread.

  Education guides party member cadres to strengthen the feelings of the masses. Firmly grasp the foundation of maintaining the flesh-and-blood ties between the Party and the people, keep in mind that popular support is the greatest politics, and urge party member cadres to review the history of the Party’s founding and review the pledge of joining the Party, firmly establish the sense of purpose of serving the people wholeheartedly, and earnestly respect the masses in thought, be close to them in emotion, unite them in work and serve them in action. We should always make unremitting efforts to fill shortcomings, improve the relevant system of close contact with the masses, and build a long-term mechanism for work style construction. Educate leading cadres to consciously inherit fine traditions and work styles, learn from the lofty spirit and political quality of the revolutionary ancestors, put hardships first and enjoy later, go deep into the grassroots and practice, earnestly do a good job in mass work, safeguard the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people, truly make cadres awe and the masses have confidence, and constantly consolidate the party’s ruling foundation.

  (4) Make the role of the patrol sword more prominent.

  Deepen political inspections. Party constitution, who was newly revised at the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, enriched and improved the contents of the inspection work, and made the inspection system a single article, which became the fundamental follow-up of the inspection work in the new era. It is necessary to implement the regulations on inspection work, formulate the Central Inspection Work Plan (2018-2022), and clarify the overall thinking, objectives, tasks and main measures of inspection work in the next five years. Deepen the political patrol under the guidance of political construction, keep a close eye on the political stance and political ecology of the inspected party organizations, focus on the implementation of party constitution and the spirit of the 19th Party Congress, check the implementation of the "four consciousnesses", strengthen the party’s leadership, promote the party’s construction, strictly manage the party in an all-round way, seriously carry out the party’s line, principles and policies, carefully look for the "four winds" performance, and focus on discovering formalism and bureaucracy. Take patrol supervision as the breakthrough point, strengthen top-down organizational supervision, improve bottom-up democratic supervision, give play to the role of mutual supervision at the same level, and improve the inner-party supervision system.

  Improve the quality of full coverage. Firmly grasp the patrol policy of the CPC Central Committee, realize the full coverage of the patrol of the party organizations of the local, departmental, enterprise and institution under the management of the Party Central Committee and the committees of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government during a term of office, find problems, form a shock, promote the implementation of the responsibility of managing the party, and enhance the party’s awareness and strict party discipline. Standardize the inspection work of party groups (party committees) of relevant central ministries and commissions and state organs. Make overall arrangements for regular inspections, deepen special inspections, strengthen mobile inspections, keep a close eye on key people, key things and key issues, conduct political inspections in depth, find problems accurately, analyze problems thoroughly, and rectify problems realistically. "Looking back" should become the norm, not only to check the inspection and rectification, but also to find new problems. Strengthen the comprehensive application of inspection results, improve the rectification supervision system, urge classified disposal, pay close attention to the implementation of rectification, strengthen the accountability for rectification, and ensure that all articles are rectified and all parts are in place.

  Carry out in-depth inspections. Establish a patrol inspection linkage mechanism and build a supervision network with up-and-down linkage. Party constitution stipulates that the party’s municipal (prefecture, league) and county (city, district, flag) committees shall establish an inspection system. The party committees of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government should implement the opinions of the CPC Central Committee on the establishment of inspection system for city and county party committees and strengthen their leadership over inspection work. City and county party committees should fulfill their main responsibilities, highlight political inspections, check the implementation of the spirit of the 19th Party Congress by grass-roots party organizations, whether the party’s leadership is strong, whether political life is serious, and whether the party’s organization is sound, focus on solving the problems of weakening, blurring and marginalization, resolutely correct the problems of going through the motions and engaging in formalities, and promote grass-roots party organizations to strengthen political construction. Focusing on the inspection of the leading bodies of grass-roots party organizations and their members, especially the top leaders, we will explore ways and means to carry out cross-inspections and special inspections in counties (cities, districts and banners), focus on finding and solving unhealthy practices and corruption problems around the masses, and promote the comprehensive and strict management of the party to see practical results at the grassroots level.

  (5) comprehensively strengthen the party’s discipline construction.

  Strengthen the pertinence of discipline education. Discipline construction is the fundamental policy of strictly administering the party in an all-round way and provides norms and guarantees for other constructions. It is necessary to carry out regular discipline education, and take party constitution Party discipline as a compulsory course for Party schools, cadre colleges and party committees (party groups) theoretical study center groups, so as to enhance the effectiveness of education, and let party member cadres know awe, guard against fear, keep the bottom line, and get used to working and living in a supervised and constrained environment. Give full play to the leading role of advanced models, and let party member cadres learn from examples, demonstrate their actions and catch up with their goals. To improve the political nature of warning education, we should carry out warning education in our local departments and units, make good use of negative teaching materials, hold special democratic life meetings, draw inferences from other cases, and let party member cadres learn from them.

  Deepen the application of the "four forms" of supervision and discipline. The Nineteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China wrote the "four forms" of supervision and discipline into party constitution, which is an important achievement of practice, theory and system innovation in comprehensively and strictly administering the Party. It is necessary to adhere to the policy of learning from the past, treating diseases and saving lives, adhering to the combination of strict management and love, deepening early detection, putting discipline ahead, improving the ability to find violations, grasping early and grasping small, and preventing delays; Deepen the classification and disposal, strengthen analysis and research, improve the ability to accurately grasp the discipline standards and apply policies, and prevent improper application, inaccurate scale, and abnormal weight; Deepen the use of the first form, make great efforts to strengthen daily management and supervision, make critical education become the norm, move forward and prevent problems before they happen; In the deepening of conversation and inquiry, party member cadres who have been interviewed and inquired should make an explanation at the democratic life meeting, give play to the educational incentive role of accepting letters and informing and the supervisory role of spot check and verification, and prevent perfunctory, deceiving organizations, and strictly deal with those who commit crimes while talking and inquiring.

  Strengthen daily supervision and discipline. Party constitution gives the party group with cadre management authority the corresponding disciplinary authority, which fully embodies the requirements of the consistency of power and responsibility in selecting and employing people and management supervision. It is necessary to focus on strengthening political discipline and organizational discipline, and promote the discipline of honesty, mass discipline, work discipline and life discipline to be strict. If you find signs, you will be reminded to correct them in time, and if you violate discipline, you will be dealt with seriously immediately, so that you can be really strict, dare to be strict, and be strict, so that discipline will always become a high-voltage line with electricity. Effectively protect the supervision power of cadres in party member, and severely deal with those who interfere with supervision and retaliate against supervisors, and those who insult, slander and frame others. According to party constitution’s new requirements for discipline construction, we should conscientiously sum up practical experience, study and revise Party internal laws and regulations such as disciplinary regulations, work rules for supervision and discipline, formulate working procedures for the Party Group to decide disciplinary matters in party member, and establish rules and regulations in ideological education, cadre management, supervision and inspection, so as to tighten the fence of the system.

  (6) Consolidate and develop the overwhelming situation of the anti-corruption struggle.

  Continue to maintain a high pressure situation. At present, the situation of the anti-corruption struggle is still severe and complicated, especially the interweaving of political issues and economic issues, regional corruption and territorial corruption, employment corruption and power corruption, "hunting" and being willing to be hunted. There is still a long way to go to strictly manage the party in an all-round way. Anti-corruption is a struggle that we can’t afford to lose. We must never give up halfway and fall short. We must be firm, accurate and orderly, more effectively curb the increase, more effectively reduce the stock, and promote the overwhelming situation of the anti-corruption struggle to an overwhelming victory. Adhere to no restricted area, full coverage, zero tolerance, heavy containment, strong pressure, long shock, bribery and bribery together, and continue to strengthen the atmosphere of not daring and Zhi Zhi. Focus on the leading cadres who have not converged and stopped since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, and the clues of problems have been concentrated and the masses have reacted strongly. Now they are in important positions and may be promoted and used, focusing on investigating and dealing with corruption cases in which political issues and economic issues are intertwined to form interest groups. Focus on key areas and key links, focus on solving corruption problems in selecting and employing people, examining and approving supervision, resource development, finance and credit, bulk purchase, land transfer, real estate development, project bidding and public financial expenditure, and continuously enhance the deterrent effect. Give further play to the functions of the central and provincial anti-corruption coordination groups and build an authoritative and efficient anti-corruption work system and mechanism. Strictly review the investigation according to discipline and law, based on education to save, so that the object of review sincerely repents and admits his mistake. To ensure the safety of handling cases,Hold the bottom line firmly.

  The international pursuit of chasing and chasing keeps going. Adhere to both pursuit and escape, coordinate all forces, strengthen anti-corruption cooperation with relevant countries and international organizations, and continuously improve the ability and effectiveness of international pursuit and recovery. Continue to promote the "Skynet Action", keep a close eye on key areas and key cases, and no matter where corrupt elements flee, they must be brought to justice and brought to justice, so as to achieve a new breakthrough in recovering the number and effectively curb the growth of fleeing people. Deepen international law enforcement exchanges, strengthen asset recovery cooperation, actively participate in the formulation of relevant international rules, and promote new achievements in bilateral extradition and mutual legal assistance treaty negotiations. Strengthen the responsibility of the party organization where the fugitives belong, dynamically manage the information of the fugitives, and do a good job in political war, diplomatic war, legal war, public opinion war and information war to further occupy the moral commanding heights.

  Deepen the construction of institutional mechanisms that dare not rot, cannot rot, and do not want to rot. We must strengthen our confidence and determination, maintain a high-pressure situation, increase punishment, and strengthen the shock of not daring to rot. Deepen the treatment of both the symptoms and the root causes, summarize the institutional problems and loopholes found in the review, investigation and inspection, report to the CPC Central Committee and Party committees at all levels, promote the improvement of relevant internal party laws and regulations, promote the anti-corruption national legislation, promote the reform of institutional mechanisms and improve rules and regulations in various regions and departments, standardize the behavior of leading cadres’ spouses, children and their spouses in running enterprises through business, cut off the interest transmission chain through deepening reform and improving the system, and secure the incorruptible cage. Strengthen ideological and moral and party spirit education, strengthen the purpose of ideals and beliefs, carry forward excellent traditional culture, enhance the "four self-confidences", solve the "master switch" problem of world outlook, outlook on life and values, and enhance the consciousness of not wanting to rot.

  (7) Resolutely rectify corruption around the masses.

  Focus on rectifying "fly greed" that infringes on the interests of the masses. "Fly greed" swarms, and its harm is endless. It is necessary to focus on winning the fight against poverty, find a correct position, serve the overall situation, carry out special treatment on corruption and work style in the field of poverty alleviation, focus on investigating and correcting the problems of the Party Central Committee’s decision-making and deployment of poverty alleviation, fraud, failure to implement the main responsibility, supervision responsibility and supervision responsibility of functional departments, and seriously investigate and deal with corruption, misappropriation, interception of private points, false reporting, looting and so on. Resolutely investigate and deal with serious violations of discipline and law in the fields of people’s livelihood funds, "three-capital" management, land acquisition and demolition, education and medical care, ecological and environmental protection, and grassroots cadres eat and take cards, exploit and deduct, and be kind to their relatives and friends. We should combine the punishment of "fly greed" with the elimination of evil, resolutely investigate and deal with corruption related to the underworld, and resolutely punish party member cadres who indulge, shield evil forces or even act as "protective umbrellas" in order to win the trust of the people with solid results in safeguarding the vital interests of the masses.

  Intensify centralized rectification and supervision. All problems strongly reflected by the masses should be taken seriously, and all acts that harm the interests of the masses should be resolutely corrected. The Central Commission for Discipline Inspection should pay close attention to the outstanding problems reflected by the masses through inspections, letters and visits, etc., supervise and settle key cases with concentrated public anger and bad nature within a time limit, and report all typical cases to the public, which is a serious accountability for poor promotion of work and long-term unresolved problems. Party committees and discipline inspection commissions of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government should firmly grasp the problem of punishing grassroots corruption. They should not only solve the common problems that exist universally, but also find the outstanding personality problems in the region, adjust measures to local conditions, accurately treat them, strengthen supervision and inspection, and put the responsibilities and tasks on cities, counties and relevant departments. Party committees and disciplinary committees in cities and counties should go deep into inspection and supervision in counties and townships, never let go of problems that infringe on the interests of the masses, solve any problems and focus on rectifying any problems that are outstanding, and "double accountability" for party committees and disciplinary committees that fail to perform their duties. The county and township disciplinary committees should take investigating and dealing with unhealthy practices and corruption around the masses as an important task, dare to take responsibility and face hardships, and cover the party strictly to the "last mile".

  (8) Promote the comprehensive and strict management of the party’s responsibilities.

  Promote the comprehensive coverage and layer-by-layer transmission of the responsibility of managing the party. Strictly administering the party in an all-round way is a systematic project. To govern the whole party by the whole party, we must give full play to the party’s organizational advantages and form a good situation in which the whole party works together. It is necessary to firmly grasp the "bull nose" of the main responsibility of the party Committee (party group) and the first responsible person of the party Committee (party group) secretary, and promote the central and state organs, state-owned enterprises and institutions, financial institutions, and party committees (party groups) in colleges and universities to effectively shoulder the political responsibility of managing the party. Through on-the-spot investigation and interviews with Party committee (party group) secretaries, it is necessary to strengthen supervision and inspection of the party organizations in the areas and departments under their jurisdiction in fulfilling their responsibilities of strictly administering the party in an all-round way, overcome the phenomenon of diminishing pressure transmission, solve the problem that some party organizations are lax in managing the party and the party, solve the problems that some grassroots party organizations are weak and lax, and the role of fighting fortresses is not strong, and promote the work to be extended to the grassroots level and the responsibility to be implemented to the grassroots level. Make good use of the sharp weapon of accountability, ask questions if you fail, be strict with accountability, and awaken the sense of responsibility with strong accountability. Weakening the party’s leadership, lacking in party building, failing to fully and strictly implement the party’s responsibility, failing to uphold the party’s political discipline and rules, failing to implement the spirit of the eight central regulations, outstanding problems in selecting and employing people, serious corruption, and inaction, we must dare to be accountable and expose typical problems; Those who are accountable but not accountable should be seriously investigated.

  Strengthen the leadership of the superior discipline inspection commission to the lower discipline inspection commission. Party constitution stipulates that the Party’s local discipline inspection committees at all levels and grass-roots discipline inspection committees work under the dual leadership of the Party committees at the same level and the discipline inspection committees at higher levels. It is necessary to strengthen the leadership of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection over the provincial disciplinary committees and accredited (dispatched) institutions, strengthen the leadership of the higher-level disciplinary committees over the construction of the lower-level disciplinary committees, urge the disciplinary committees at all levels to continue to deepen their functions, methods and styles, and earnestly shoulder the political responsibility of assisting the party committees to promote the comprehensive and strict management of the party. To give full play to the role of the specialized organ of inner-party supervision, it is necessary to stand up straight, keep your eyes wide open, be brave in supervision and be impartial and disciplined under the leadership of the party Committee at the same level and the higher-level discipline inspection commission; It is also necessary to strengthen the leadership of the lower-level disciplinary committees in daily supervision and handling of problem clues within the scope of their duties. It is necessary to strengthen the supervision role of discipline inspection institutions in universities and state-owned enterprises. We will deepen the reform of accredited institutions, give them supervisory functions, clarify the supervisory authority and working procedures of accredited institutions, improve the full coverage of discipline inspection institutions accredited by local disciplinary committees to party and state organs at the same level, strengthen supervisory responsibilities, and play a "probe" role.

  Third, strengthen the self-construction of discipline inspection and supervision organs

  Strike while the iron is hot. In order to have a new atmosphere and new achievements in the new era, we must cultivate new qualities and shape new images. Discipline inspection and supervision organs at all levels and the broad masses of discipline inspection and supervision cadres should profoundly understand the political, historical, theoretical and practical significance of the spirit of the 19th Party Congress, and the strength of truth, spirit and culture contained in it, and always be loyal and firm, responsible, law-abiding, honest and clean, always adhere to the people’s stand, uphold noble feelings, and always persist in seeking truth from facts, seeking truth and being pragmatic, being loyal to their duties and earnestly performing their duties. We should consciously apply the basic principles of dialectical materialism and historical materialism, and consciously apply the standpoint, viewpoint and method contained in the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era to think about problems, make decisions, do work and implement them. It is necessary to effectively enhance the sense of anxiety in times of peace, the spirit of making the Party and the country responsible, maintain the determination, endurance and vitality of discipline inspection and supervision in the new era, maintain the continuity, stability and foresight of work, policies and measures, focus on work one by one, move forward step by step, and earnestly fulfill the glorious mission entrusted by the party and the people.

  (a) consciously loyal to the party, to ensure political integrity. Discipline inspection and supervision organs are political organs, and their special position and important responsibilities determine that loyalty to the party must be the primary political principle of work, the primary political nature of the team and the primary political quality of cadres. We should thoroughly study and understand the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era, strengthen the purpose of ideals and beliefs, and implement the maintenance of the authority of the CPC Central Committee and centralized and unified leadership in all aspects of discipline construction, supervision and discipline, patrol inspection and accountability. We should strengthen loyalty education, persist in comparing ourselves, transforming ourselves and improving ourselves with the Marxist political view, so as to have the party, the people, the responsibility and the precept in mind, enhance political determination, discipline determination, moral determination and resistance to corruption, and always maintain a never-ending mental state and an indomitable struggle posture.

  (2) Strengthen capacity building to ensure high skills. Discipline inspection and supervision cadres should have both excellent political quality and excellent professional ability. Facing the new task of comprehensively and strictly administering the Party and comprehensively promoting the reform of the state supervision system, and facing the new requirements of linking discipline and law and enforcing discipline and law, the panic of discipline inspection and supervision cadres’ skills has become more and more prominent. We should work hard to enhance our learning ability, be diligent in learning and hungry, learn from books and read more classics, learn from practice and ask for advice from the people, and be good at solving practical problems with historical, cultural and philosophical thinking; Work hard to enhance professional ability, seriously study party constitution’s party rules and constitutional laws, strengthen the awareness of discipline and law, master the professional knowledge in the supervised fields, improve the skills of daily supervision, discipline review and investigation according to law, punish corruption with the rule of law thinking and the rule of law, and ensure that every case can stand the test of history and people; Work hard to enhance execution, insist on telling the truth, seeking practical things, making practical moves and seeking practical results, and firmly grasp the initiative in work; Efforts should be made to enhance the ability of reform and innovation, make full use of Internet technology and information technology, build a platform for reporting and reporting covering the discipline inspection and supervision system, and unblock the channels for party member people to reflect the situation and carry out supervision.

  (three) lead the team to ensure the performance of their duties in place. Adhere to the principle of the Party’s management of cadres and the standards of good cadres, take effectively solving the problem of poor performance of duties as the focus of the construction of discipline inspection and supervision cadres, closely focus on the responsibility of supervision, discipline and accountability, increase the rotation, exchange and training of cadres, implement "one post and two responsibilities" at all levels, strengthen the supervision of daily education management, and build a working organ that stresses politics, understands rules, abides by discipline and refuses to corrode. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection should play an exemplary role, be serious about the political life within the Party, take the lead in observing the party rules and regulations of party constitution, strictly implement democratic centralism, set an example in practicing "three strictness and three realities", and consciously accept supervision from all sides. The organs of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection should implement the responsibility of party building, and leading cadres should take the lead in teaching party classes to improve their political quality and work ability. Strengthen ideological and political work, carry out in-depth heart-to-heart talks, and strictly demand and manage cadres, but also care for and care for them sincerely, so as to create a good environment of honesty, seriousness, unity, harmony and ease of mind. Discipline inspection and supervision organs at all levels should highlight their political functions, promote all work with party building, do a good job in building grass-roots party organizations, and build party branches, patrol inspection teams and temporary party branches of inspection and investigation teams into strong battlefortresses.

  (4) Dare to do good deeds and ensure a good style of work. Revise, improve and strictly implement the implementation measures for improving the work style of the leading group of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, deepen the change of work style and improve the ability to perform their duties. In the trend of investigation and research in Daxing, leading cadres should take the lead in investigation and frequent investigation, dive into the front line, obtain first-hand information, grasp the real situation, find the way and path to solve the difficult problems according to the essence and law of quasi-things, and constantly improve the level of creative work combined with reality. We should carry forward the spirit of seriousness, maintain the style of hard struggle, be modest and prudent, guard against arrogance and rashness, be diligent and dedicated, be highly responsible, and really put our mind and energy into our own work. Discipline inspection and supervision cadres should adhere to the principle of party spirit, dare to sing "bad COP" and "protect the public" for the interests of the party and the people, resolutely fight against violations of discipline and law, and never be passive and slack, avoid contradictions and be "good guys".

  (five) abide by the integrity, to ensure their own clean. The joint office of the Commission for Discipline Inspection and the Commission for Supervision has expanded the scope of supervision, enriched its authority, and withstood more severe tests, putting forward new and higher requirements for the self-construction of the discipline inspection and supervision organs. The right must be supervised, and the right to use it cannot be willful. Discipline inspection and supervision organs at all levels should be cautious in exercising their powers, be strict and strict in self-discipline, conscientiously implement the work rules of supervision and discipline and relevant laws and regulations, strengthen self-supervision, improve the internal control mechanism, put power into the system cage, and resolutely prevent the occurrence of cases for personal gain, leaks, and violations of discipline. We should consciously accept inner-party supervision and social supervision, interpret clean connotations in words and deeds, and leave clean records. Give full play to the role of party committees, discipline inspection committees and cadre supervision institutions, carefully check the clues that reflect the cadres of discipline inspection and supervision, never cover up their shortcomings, resolutely investigate and deal with violations of discipline and dereliction of duty, resolutely clean up the door, resolutely prevent "black under the lights", forge the discipline inspection and supervision team with iron discipline, and ensure that the power entrusted by the party and the people will not be abused, and the sword of punishing evil and promoting good will never be dusty.

  Comrades, strictly administering the party in an all-round way is always on the road, and the responsibility of the discipline inspection and supervision organs is more important than Mount Tai. Let’s closely unite around the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core. Do not forget your initiative mind, mindful of his mission, is selfless, fearless and enterprising, and constantly achieves new results in strictly administering the Party, building a clean and honest party style and fighting corruption, and makes new and greater contributions to the implementation of the strategic plan of the 19th Party Congress, the decisive victory in building a well-off society in an all-round way and the great victory of Socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era!

What are the shortcomings of Nissan Sylphy? The top ten shortcomings of Nissan Sylphy are revealed: Why are sales still hot?

Nissan, as an evergreen tree in the compact car market, has been among the best in sales. However, like any model, Sylphy is not perfect. Today, let’s discuss the ten shortcomings of Nissan Sylphy in depth and see what are the shortcomings of this car.

First, lack of motivation, slow acceleration

Nissan Sylphy has been criticized for its performance in power. The engine power output is not strong enough, and the acceleration process is relatively slow, which is especially obvious when overtaking or merging lanes on the expressway. For consumers who pursue driving passion, this is undoubtedly a big pity.

Second, the suspension system is excellent and the comfort is discounted.

Xuanyi’s suspension system is hard to adjust, and the filtering of road bumps is not thorough enough. This causes drivers and passengers to easily feel strong vibration and bumps during driving, which affects the ride comfort.

Third, the interior material is cheap and the texture is not good.

Although Sylphy’s interior design is simple and generous, the materials used are not high-grade enough. The poor texture of some plastic parts greatly reduces the grade sense of the interior of the whole vehicle.

Fourth, the rear legroom is cramped.

As a compact car, Sylphy’s rear legroom is relatively limited. If you often need to take three adults in the back row, you may feel crowded, which is undoubtedly a big disadvantage for family cars.

Five, the sound insulation effect is poor, and the wind noise is obvious.

When driving at high speed, the sound insulation effect of Sylphy is not ideal. Wind noise and road noise are easily introduced into the car, which affects the driving experience of drivers and passengers.

Sixth, the paint is thin and vulnerable to damage.

Some car owners have reported that Xuanyi’s car paint is relatively thin and easily scratched by objects such as branches and pebbles. This not only affects the aesthetics of the vehicle, but also increases the cost of maintenance and repair.

Seven, gearbox frustration, lack of ride comfort

When driving at a low speed, Sylphy’s gearbox may have a setback. This uneven driving experience is undoubtedly a big problem for consumers who pursue driving comfort.

Eight, the seat comfort is average, and it is easy to fatigue after driving for a long time.

Although Sylphy’s seat design is ergonomic, the actual comfort is average. Driving for a long time is easy to feel backache, which is undoubtedly a big test for consumers who often need long-distance driving.

Nine, the storage space is insufficient and the practicality is limited.

The storage space in the Sylphy car is relatively small, which can not meet the storage needs of a large number of items. This may be inconvenient for consumers who need to carry more luggage or articles for travel.

Ten, the air conditioning effect is average, and the cooling speed is slow.

In hot summer, the cooling effect of air conditioner is very important for drivers and passengers. However, Sylphy’s air conditioning effect is average, and the cooling speed is slow, so it is difficult to quickly reduce the temperature inside the car, which undoubtedly affects the driving experience.

Although Nissan Sylphy has many shortcomings mentioned above, its sales volume is still hot. This is mainly due to its advantages of low fuel consumption, large space, high comfort and low maintenance cost. For the ordinary working class, Sylphy is undoubtedly a family car with high cost performance. However, for consumers who pursue higher quality and more perfect driving experience, these shortcomings can not be ignored. When making purchase decisions, consumers should weigh and choose according to their actual needs and preferences.

Born by iteration, the dream of urban villa will return to the garden.

 Luwang November 13 th Not long ago, an online survey with the theme of "Ten Most Luxury Dreams of Chinese People" was published. The survey showed that, besides "traveling around the world", "China is the first in the world" and "driving a famous car", "villa dream" became the fifth most luxurious living dream of Chinese people.
In fact, the "villa dream" is not only the anchor of Chinese people’s living demands and self-worth, but also reflects the feelings of staying at home engraved in Chinese’s bones. Owning a detached villa is the "most poetic dwelling" that Chinese can think of, and it is a modern portrayal of the traditional human settlement spirit of "Where is the cultivation of bamboo and the three paths to my home".
As a leading real estate development enterprise in China, Vanke continues to lead the industry with mature development experience and innovative ability, and its products have also become a model of regional quality. In 2018, Vanke developed a pure villa area in Jinan for the first time-Vanke Ruyuan. In the high-tech East Zone of Jinan City Sub-center with three vertical and three horizontal three-dimensional traffic, Vanke used three mountains and five parks to support the rigorous quality of Vanke’s villa building, gradually making the dream of urban villas flowing in Jinan people’s hearts within reach.
The "ban on villas" is upgraded to a garden to open the "era of villa dream collection"
In September 2016, the Ministry of Land and Resources publicly stated that it will further tighten land management, and all parts of the country will stop approving land supply and land use procedures for villas, and the approval of villa projects such as townhouses and low-density gardens will be further controlled; Strict land supply for low-density, large-sized and high-grade housing, thus further regulating the housing supply structure.
The "villa ban order" was upgraded again, and the supply of villas was cut off from the source of land. This means that whether it is single-family, double-family, or even townhouses, it will become a scarce product in the "luxury community". The value-added space of villa products will also become wider and wider, and the value of villas will become more prominent.
The regional value is closely related to the product value. With the settlement of the sub-center, the high-tech East Zone with Suncun as the core has been expanded to 110 square kilometers. Abundant resources, convenient transportation, high-quality mountains and rivers, livable and suitable for business, bear the mission of Jinan Dongtuo, and a dynamic "urban sub-center" is making its debut.
The location of Vanke Ruyuan High-tech East Zone will have a wonderful value response to products and regions, which also means that "villa collection" will usher in new investment opportunities.
 "Humanity lives in the city, and I am suspicious in the mountains."
Vanke is like a garden to create an ideal aesthetic sample of life.
Cities can be replicated, and mountains and rivers are even more rare.
Vanke Ruyuan inherits the noble lineage of Vanke Villa and chooses the high-tech East Zone, which has almost strict requirements for natural landscape, human characteristics and regional historical precipitation. The whole area is surrounded by three mountains and five gardens. Weizishan, Yuhuang Mountain and Qiushan have 10,000 mu of dense forest, which is like being immersed in an ecological oasis. The five gardens are Rainbow Lake Park, Weizishan Mountain Park, community park, community garden and private courtyard. On weekends, you can take your children for a walk in the park without losing your family happiness.
At the same time, three-dimensional traffic, subways and tunnels make travel more convenient. century avenue is 1.5 kilometers north of the project, and there will be trams and subway R2 branch line (planning) along century avenue, which will relieve traffic pressure in both directions. century avenue can reach provincial highway S102 4 kilometers northbound, and S102 is connected with Industrial North Road, which can quickly reach the whole city. It is about 6 kilometers from the project to Xingcun Interchange, 14 kilometers from the Olympic Sports Center, 13 kilometers from Gaoxin Wanda, 13 kilometers from Jinan Xindong Station and 20 kilometers from the airport. The three-dimensional traffic network is connected to the whole city.
Humanity lives in the city, and I am suspicious in the mountains. Vanke, like a garden, is close to the mountain and does not disturb the city. It fully integrates the community with the natural landscape, creates a livable urban ecological villa area in Jinan, and depicts an ideal aesthetic sample of life pursued by high-end circles.
 No home without a courtyard
"Ruyuan Gene" shines dreams into "Courtyard Home"
Some people in Zhihu asked: "Why do you dream of living in a villa?" One of them praised the answer: "A quiet, comfortable, modest yard seems to be a home."
Tracing back to the housing history of Chinese people, in the 5,000-year Chinese civilization, the ancients lived in houses with courtyards. It was not until modern times that high-rise buildings and assembly houses appeared in the development of urbanization. Fundamentally speaking, we are born with the habit of "courtyard" and have formed a deep-rooted villa complex.
No matter how big the apartment is, it’s just a house, but what the villa owns is a world.
It is understood that there are only 487 households in Vanke Ruyuan, most of which are three-dimensional villas, which have high scarcity and circle purity. The villas have their own courtyards, and each household is equipped with a private elevator. You can put a lounge chair in the courtyard, taste the fruits and vegetables planted by yourself and enjoy the lazy time.
At the same time, the whole community adopts the design concept of one axis, one ring, three hospitals and six habitats, makes full use of the height difference between the north and the south, combines the landscape resources of the high-tech east zone, pays attention to the ultimate details internally, and makes use of the natural environment to create a modern mountain life and ensure the privacy and comfort of the community. Let this party have a courtyard house one day, and put it well as the garden owner’s "courtyard" feelings.
Chunshu products+high quality matching
Vanke is the first to pay tribute to Jinan.
In addition to the natural resources and the landscape construction of the project itself, the external facilities of the project can also be described as a luxury "top match": on the east side of the project is Bailian Outlets, which covers an area of 250 mu and opened in March 2019. At the same time, the cultural and creative workshop on the east side of Rainbow Lake will build an international conference center, an international cultural center, a sports fitness center and a sports hall according to the template of Beijing Wukesong. The Creative Island and Rongchuang Wenlv City on the south and west sides of the project will be landmark buildings integrating high-end shopping centers, apartments, five-star hotels, culture, tourism, sports and commerce, and the business is very prosperous.
In terms of medical education, the project is about 14 kilometers away from the East Hospital of the provincial hospital. At the same time, the project of Jinan Taiwan Province Maternal and Child Hospital, which is being negotiated between Gaoxin East District and Taiwan Province Zhangji Hospital, will also provide medical services for high-end market people in Jinan.
In the field of education, 29 high-level schools are planned in the region, including 22 kindergartens, 9 primary schools, 5 junior high schools and 2 senior high schools. On the east side of the project, 15 classes of kindergartens, 48 classes of primary schools and 36 classes of junior high schools are planned. At the same time, Shandong University of Finance and Economics, Modern College, Jinan Vocational College, Yingcai College, Urban Construction College, Youth Management Cadre College and other universities surround the surrounding areas.
In terms of the products of the project itself, Vanke Ruyuan broke away from the shackles of the traditional apartment layout, integrated the characteristics of villas and houses, and saved every inch of space. It is understood that there are six households in each unit of the project, and the first and second floors are stacked; The third and fourth floors are stacked in the middle; The fifth and sixth floors are stacked. The building area is about 200-270 square meters, and the underground space is 6 meters high. Each apartment will have differences in area because of its different location.
Public spaces such as garden, living room, dining room and kitchen are located on the first floor of every household. For example, the Garden Villa has made every household have a courtyard and an independent home line, and every household is equipped with a private elevator. This is not only the essence of Vanke’s ingenuity, but also the first in Jinan.
In November 2020, Ruyuan celebrated her second birthday. From the first meeting with Jinan to the deep cultivation, such as the stunning appearance of the garden, the sales are not limited. According to statistics, from 2019 to 2020, Ruyuan has always held the top spot in Jinan villa sales market, and is far ahead in market share and sales sets.
Nowadays, with the continuous renovation and upgrading of the surrounding facilities, Ruyuan is redefining the courtyard life of an eco-city villa in an elegant manner. In the rare and expensive core of Jinan Sub-center, above the rare ecological scenery of three mountains and five gardens, within the courtyard of one step at a time. Vanke will officially open the "villa dream collection era" that belongs to Ruyuan alone. (Reporter of this website)
Reporting/feedback

After the standardization of infant milk powder labels, these words cannot appear on the packaging.

  BEIJING, Beijing, December 20 (Qiu Yu) The enterprise’s self-inspection action on the label specification of infant formula milk powder is underway, and some expressions suspected of exaggerating publicity are banned. What words can’t appear on the packaging of infant milk powder? How big is the difference between high-end and low-end milk powder? What kind of brand do enterprises want to develop most after the new milk powder policy? A reporter from Zhongxin. com (WeChat WeChat official account: cns2012) conducted an investigation.

  Information such as "intelligence, breastfeeding" is banned.

  At the beginning of this month, the General Office of the State Food and Drug Administration issued the Notice on the Standardization, Supervision and Inspection of the Labeling of Infant Formula Milk Powder (hereinafter referred to as the Notice), requiring enterprises to conduct self-examination on the labeling of infant formula milk powder.

  The "Notice" refers to seven aspects of labeling inspection of infant formula milk powder, including functional expressions such as not explicitly or implicitly improving intelligence, increasing resistance or immunity, and protecting intestines; Do not use vague information such as "imported milk source", "from foreign pasture" and "ecological pasture"; The label shall not use "human emulsification", "breast milk" or similar terms.

  In this regard, after investigating the infant milk powder sold online and offline, the reporter found that some brands wrote "It is helpful for the normal development of baby’s vision" on the packaging, and some introduced that "the five-dimensional system of nutrition, absorption, digestion, immunity and intelligence is natural, safe and complete", and some brands emphasized "being friendly to the human body".

  On some e-commerce platforms, some infant milk powder brands use expressions such as "imported milk source" and "pure close to breast milk" in advertising.

  Several treasure mothers said that they didn’t know which nutrients had the function of improving intelligence or improving immunity, but some functional expressions on the packaging and the words "from foreign pastures" did have certain allure.

  How big is the difference between high and low-end milk powder?

  Take expressions such as improving intelligence or improving resistance as an example. Do these milk powders really have the above functions?

  Song Liang, a senior dairy analyst and head of the industrial economic expert group of China Agricultural Reclamation Dairy Alliance, pointed out in an interview that the functional differences of different infant milk powders are not very big. At present, the research on infant milk powder in China is not perfect. Some enterprises claim that they have educational function by adding some nutritional elements, and more than 90% of these are exaggerated propaganda.

  "The formula of infant milk powder mainly refers to international standards, and countries have fine-tuned it according to the national conditions," said Wang Dingmian, a dairy expert. In terms of the nutritional composition and content of milk powder, international standards give room for fluctuation, but the formulas of different countries are similar, and the so-called high-end milk powder and low-end milk powder are not very different.

  Label identification is a sign to distinguish different commodity providers and an important reference for consumers to choose and buy goods.

  In the interpretation of the Notice, the State Food and Drug Administration mentioned that the label exaggerated publicity, claims and other chaos caused confusion in the infant formula milk powder market, and also made it difficult for consumers to purchase infant formula milk powder.

  Song Liang believes that the propaganda of infant milk powder in China is too strong, which may mislead consumers. As a result, consumers blindly pursue a certain function of milk powder and lose their rational view of the essence of milk powder.

  The standard label is "the front station" of the new milk powder policy.

  This is not the first time that the State Food and Drug Administration has stipulated the labeling of infant formula milk powder. In June this year, the State Food and Drug Administration issued the "Measures for the Administration of Formula Registration of Infant Formula Milk Powder Products" (hereinafter referred to as the "Measures"), which came into effect on October 1, 2016, with a transition period until January 1, 2018.

  The "Measures" require applicants to submit sample labels and instructions, as well as descriptions and certification materials claimed in the labels and instructions when applying for registration, and make detailed provisions on the expression requirements of labels and instructions. These include information such as "intelligence" and "breast-feeding".

  The "Measures", known as the "New Deal for Milk Powder", has a transitional period until 2018. Why do you carry out standardized labeling actions now?

  "Standard labeling is to prepare for the formal implementation of the new milk powder policy, for the new policy ‘ Advance station ’ Wang Dingmian said that enterprises should have an adaptation process during the transition period. If there are still label violations after 2018, the production qualification may be cancelled.

  In the interpretation of the Notice, the State Food and Drug Administration pointed out that at present, the registration of infant formula milk powder products has begun, in which the sample labels and instructions and their claims are important contents of the registration review. Enterprises do a good job in self-inspection and rectification of label identification, which is also a good foundation for the smooth application for product formula registration.

  The Notice requires enterprises to carry out self-examination and self-correction within three months. In this regard, Song Liang pointed out that although the reserved time is short, the State Food and Drug Administration is steadily and orderly implementing the registration system. Label management first helps to reduce the industry-oriented publicity, which is of great significance in the whole process of formulation system landing.

  Industry concentration increases. What kind of brands do enterprises want to keep?

  In addition to standardizing labels, an important content of the Measures is to stipulate that each enterprise shall not exceed 3 series and 9 formulas. Some analysts said that this is conducive to the improvement of the concentration of milk powder industry.

  Changjiang securities’s research report pointed out that domestic infant milk powder enterprises usually have many formulas, and some even have dozens of product series. However, in fact, there is little difference in the formulas of each product series. The implementation of the new regulations will prompt enterprises to cut down small brands with small sales and poor performance, which will help improve the concentration of milk powder industry.

  Some people in the milk powder industry told reporters that many enterprises are carrying out "three actions". First, reduce brands. Before, it was common for an enterprise to have 30 or 50 brands, and there were more than 100 brands in individual enterprises. Now, enterprises have begun to shrink brands and formulas. The second is to reduce production, and enterprises have reduced the production quantity of some brands of milk powder. Third, promotion, through marketing means, try to sell the milk powder that has been produced during the transition period and reduce losses.

  Wang Dingmian said that at present, the brands that enterprises hope to "keep" are mainly their own brands, brands with the best popularity and market share, and brands that are easy to sell and have high profits.

  "After the brand concentration is improved, consumers and enterprises can establish a benign communication," Song Liang said. Enterprises can maintain their brands more carefully and ensure the order of sales channels; Consumers can have a deep understanding of a brand, and then make a relatively objective judgment. (End)

Listen to them, fermentation is like this …

Original China Cooking Magazine China Cooking Magazine

Text | Sun Yang Chu Hongyu Jasmine Jiang Hui

Fermented food appears in all aspects of our daily diet, and it is always indispensable in the specialty foods in the far and wide. Fermentation is a magical thing, and ordinary ingredients will become extraordinary after time and experience. As a very traditional craft, fermentation contains local customs, records of ordinary life, multicultural collision, warm and romantic family stories …

Today, Xiao Shao invited many culinary masters and local cultural scholars to talk about fermented food in different regions, cooking tips, traditional customs and the scientific principles behind fermentation. Through their sharing, we can see the importance of inheriting traditional fermentation culture and feel the infinite charm of fermented food.

Fermented flavor extended from Jinglu cuisine

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Zhen Jianjun

The inheritor of Palace Cuisine and Zhuangguan Cuisine, the master of China cuisine.

native of Beijing

Zhen Jianjun usually starts to make soy sauce meat in the twelfth lunar month every year, and then dries it until the next spring, when there is oil oozing from the ham surface. (Photo/Yan Hongwei)

Chinese is the best at eating fermented food. Throughout the cooking history of China, sauces fermented from various fruits were used in the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Before monosodium glutamate and various food additives existed, the function of fermentation was not only convenient for food preservation, but also made food produce new flavor. Such as Beijing sauce meat, Guangdong bacon, Jinhua ham, etc., all need to go through fermentation process.

Braised pork is a typical fermented dish in Beijing-Shandong cuisine. Its preparation method is to marinate the meat first, wrap it with distiller’s grains and marinate it for 48 hours, dry the blank and ferment it for 48 hours. A bad juicy meat can’t be eaten for five to seven days.

In addition to all kinds of bacon, preserved fish, bacon and salted fish, all kinds of sauces, vinegar and wine are also inseparable from fermentation. Each place has different production techniques and different flavors, such as Tianjin Duliu vinegar, Shanxi aged vinegar, Zhenjiang balsamic vinegar and Pixian bean paste. Fermentation goes deep into all aspects of our lives.

Bad aroma is the daily fermentation in Jiangnan.

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leonardo

Shanghai Vocational College of Industry and Commerce,

Director of cooking teaching at PICH modern service college

Shanghainese

Bad edamame and bad meat are Shanghai people’s favorite bad goods in summer.

If Shanghainese don’t have a plate of bad food in summer, it’s like this summer has been wasted. The bad brine used in bad vegetables comes from wine making. After rice is fermented, the liquor is extracted, and the distiller’s grains left behind are the raw materials for making bad brine. The traditional method of hanging distiller’s grains is to mix the distiller’s grains with yellow wine, spices and clear water, and some chefs will add a little sweet osmanthus, and then put it into a clean flour bag after stirring evenly. The rope is tied tightly, and the dripping liquid is bittern.

Good bad brine is clear and strange, also known as "bad oil", but it is not really bad oil; If the remaining sludge after hanging is slowly boiled with oil, the real "bad oil" is obtained by filtration and clarification. When cooking fish head soup or steaming shad in Jiangnan area, drop two drops of bad oil before taking the pot, and the wine will immediately overflow.

In summer, bad meat and bad grain are generally soaked with hanging bad brine. Shanghai Meilong Town Restaurant has a dry-roasted fish, which is supplemented by fermented rice wine and tomatoes, emphasizing the sweet and sour wine flavor. People in Ningbo like to eat bad bones, and ribs can only be cooked after pretreatment with distiller’s grains. Residents in coastal areas often use distiller’s grains to preserve food, which plays a role in removing fishy smell and improving taste.

Distiller’s grains in Jiangnan area are divided into white grains, yellow grains and red grains according to color. White distiller’s grains are distiller’s grains after making liquor. Jiangnan liquor is usually rice wine, and Chongming old liquor is a masterpiece. White distiller’s grains are pure, which can be directly used as seasoning for cooking or pickling fish, meat, etc. Yellow distiller’s grains are distiller’s grains for brewing yellow rice wine, and the distiller’s grains are full of flavor. Generally, after processing, the distiller’s grains are used to soak food, and the distiller’s grains used to hang distiller’s grains are yellow distiller’s grains. Red distiller’s grains are made by adding red koji in the process of brewing, and the color is bright. There is still a tradition of brewing red koji in Lishui, Zhejiang Province.

Slurry-traditional fermented food in northwest China,

It is also the most rich aging of life.

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He fentian

Executive General Manager of Yujing Catering Management Co., Ltd.

Concurrent production director

Yinchuan people in Ningxia

When it comes to fermented food, northwest people must have a bowl of syrup. This special snack is one of the local people’s daily diets.

The traditional method of making slurry is to use seasonal vegetables as raw materials, add gelatinized and cooled noodle soup or rice soup, and ferment by natural fermentation or adding primers. Slurry is light in taste, refreshing in taste, and can be directly drunk, and can also be processed into delicious food together with other ingredients, which can highlight the distinctive flavor, such as slurry surface, fish leakage in slurry, etc., and is a good product for appetizing and relieving summer heat in summer.

In essence, slurry water is no different from ordinary fermented foods such as sauerkraut, which are all fermented by lactic acid bacteria, acetic acid bacteria, yeast and other strains. However, it is significantly different from the production method of sauerkraut, without adding salt, and the production time is shorter.

The restaurant I am in charge of will not directly make syrup, but will buy mature goods. On the one hand, it pays attention to food safety, on the other hand, it is convenient to cook. Although it is common to make slurry at home, we need to pay attention to the quality and update it frequently, that is, remove the vegetables that have been soaked for a while and then put in new ones. The old vegetables that are fished out are boiled vegetables, which taste like kimchi and can be eaten directly by cold salad or frying.

Fermentation is within the controllable range.

Looking for the most uncontrollable opportunities

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Qiang Guo

Beijing Amico BJ Chef

native of Beijing

Blackened onions. (Photo/Yan Hongwei)

Comparison between "blackened" horseshoe and fresh horseshoe that has not been blackened.

In recent years, we have been exploring and experimenting with fermentation, but there are relatively many Japanese-style ones. Such as miso, cooking techniques of meat and fish, blackening technology, etc.

At present, a kind of miso butter with bread before meals is made of green bean miso. Green bean miso is different from the traditional miso made of soybeans, because the taste and color of green beans are relatively soft and light, and it forms a balanced aroma with butter.

In my opinion, fermentation is to find the most uncontrollable opportunity within the controllable range, just like exploring unknown asteroids, which is also the fun of fermentation. I think the main principle of fermentation is to control the fermented ingredients not to go bad, but all kinds of uncontrollable things will happen in this process, that is to say, many times its flavor direction is out of your control, sometimes there are surprises and sometimes it’s bad, not necessarily that the ingredients go bad, but that taste is not what you want. This variable is difficult to control for both chefs and researchers.

We had a failed fermentation experiment. For example, using lactic acid bacteria to ferment apples, pineapples, strawberries and other fruits is similar to the principle of pickled cabbage. At first, we wanted to replace some vinegar or sauce with other fermented products, but after my colleagues tasted it, they felt that it was not very comfortable. Personally, I have reservations about it. But as long as someone finds the taste hard to accept, we will give up.

New cooking concepts and new ingredients may collide with something new. For example, David Chang, the chef of Momofuku, new york, replaced bonito with beef and venison, and imitated the craft of Japanese Muyu flower to make a "meat festival". There is also the traditional Japanese fish ripening method. Some high-end Japanese food stores will cook white fish. Considering that the flavor of white fish is too light, it needs a method to make its flavor richer but less kitsch, so it is cooked by kelp. Thallus Laminariae is rich in glutamic acid, which is also the main component of umami flavor.

In Dongtai, fermentation is the beauty of life.

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Zhang guorong

Vice President of Dongtai Nanliang Cultural Volunteers Association

Jiangsu Dongtai people

Born into a family of chefs

Dongtai City, Jiangsu Province, located on the coast of the Yellow Sea, was a famous salt-producing area in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, so a large part of local fermented food is related to salt, and some of it is related to local rich products and local living habits. The famous fermented foods in Dongtai are amaranth, soy bean, crab residue, shrimp oil, acid soaking cuisine, tangerine peel wine and so on.

Amaranth stock is one of the traditional fermented delicacies unique to Dongtai people. Its method is to chop the amaranth stems with thick fingers into inches, soak them in water overnight, add salt and mix well the next day, put them into a clean jar, and seal and ferment for half a month.

Crab residue is also a unique local specialty food. Fishermen wash the small mixed crabs they catch, shell them, remove their lungs, add salt and pestle them, put them in a clean jar, seal them with oil paper, and ferment them for about one month. The original green crab shell and white crab meat have changed color, and the finished product has a unique salty flavor. The key to the production of this dish lies in the control of salt and temperature. Less salt is easy to stink and deteriorate, but more salt can’t ferment successfully.

The dog days shrimp oil is named because the processing process has to go through dog days in summer. Its main raw material is locally produced mango shrimp, and the traditional way is to ferment in an enlarged tank. Dried tangerine peel wine is a famous local specialty in Dongtai, with a long history. It is made from fine white glutinous rice by traditional technology.

Pasta products also have many elements about fermentation. Dongtai people have the custom of steaming steamed buns for the New Year since ancient times. Every household starts from preparing leavened cakes and "receives leaven" every day. Nowadays, the seemingly simple steamed bread actually pays attention to a lot. Among them, temperature is the key condition for fermenting dough. High temperature can ferment quickly, but it is easy to ferment too much, and the steamed bread will have a strong sour taste, which was called "gnashing your teeth" by farmers in the past; If the temperature is low, the fermentation will be slow, and the steamed bread will taste bad.

I think fermented food has many advantages. First, it is conducive to the multiple use of ingredients, and it can even be said that waste is turned into treasure; The second is to increase flavor and nutrition; Third, it is convenient for human body to digest and absorb. In recent years, people have been exploring fermented food, believing that it will bring more benefits to people.

Fish catching in an altar —— Deep in Yunnan people’s memory

Fermented taste

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Li lanxin

Young chef, from Kunming, Yunnan

The dishes made of fish in the jar are very popular among Kunming people.

The most aquatic products in Kunming are Dianchi Lake, and the common aquatic products in the early years are mainly fish, especially the high-backed crucian carp. In the old days, fishermen would dry the endless crucian carp in winter, add ingredients such as pepper, salt, sweet rice wine and spices and put them in an earthen jar for sealing, pickling and fermentation, which became "catching fish in the jar".

There are usually two kinds of earthen jars used to make fish-catching jars: one is that the jar mouth is facing down and the bottom is facing up, which is called "inverted jar" by local people; The other is an altar with an upward opening and a rim, which is called "Shangshui altar". The advantage of using an earthen jar is that it can not only keep the fish delicious, but also prolong the storage time. However, the sealing effect of the water jar is not as good as that of the inverted jar. As long as the latter keeps water in the stone trough or pottery bowl for a long time, it is often cleaned and changed, and the finished product is not easy to deteriorate, and it will not be a problem for two years. Local people often choose Huaning earthen altar, one of the "four famous pottery" in Yunnan, and its production skills have been listed in the provincial intangible cultural heritage list of Yunnan.

I come from a family of chefs, and my family has been a cook for three generations. When I was a child, I heard my grandfather talk about the traditional method of catching fish in the jar: using Qiubei Chili noodles, Zanthoxylum bungeanum noodles and brown sugar, adding star anise powder, tsaoko powder and fennel according to different flavors, adding salt and sweet rice wine, stirring them evenly, putting them into an inverted jar, putting them upside down in a stone trough or earthenware basin, adding clear water for sealing treatment, and blocking them with washed straw. In order to keep it for a longer time, when the water in the stone trough or basin is almost dry, it should be added with water in time to ensure that the water does not dry. After sealing for 45 days, the pickled fish in the earthen jar can be eaten. The simplest way to do it every day is to take the fish out and steam it directly in the pot. It is delicious and delicious, and it is a delicacy for local people to accompany with wine. If the fermentation time exceeds 90 days, the fish bones are crisp and can be eaten together with bones and meat; The fish gradually turns from white to red, with the flavor of ham.

From a less wonderful childhood experience

Deduct into a responsibility

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Xiao Jie

Guangzhou Moming Kombucha

Founder, Xinjiang native

Tea fungus from grandma.

When I was a child, I grew up in Xinjiang. My elders often gave us a special drink. At that time, I didn’t know this drink was "black tea fungus". I just felt that the sour taste and taste were not particularly good, and the experience was not wonderful. I even thought it was a very annoying eating custom.

In the past, it was difficult for Xinjiang people to eat fresh vegetables, especially in the cold winter, but their bodies had to be supplemented with appropriate vitamins. Therefore, every local household would cultivate "black tea fungus" by itself, that is, it was fermented by a variety of microorganisms such as acetic acid bacteria, yeast and lactic acid bacteria with sugar and tea as raw materials. The common drinking method is to take the liquid of black tea fungus and blend it with a little water, usually after meals. Now I understand that its function is to help digestion, but my family has never explained to our children why we drink this drink. This is an unforgettable detail of life for me. When I saw Kombucha with a separate shelf in a foreign supermarket, I was curious to buy it and found that it was the black tea fungus that children often drank, so I had the idea of introducing this fermented beverage to more people.

At present, a bottle of black tea fungus placed on the counter of my shop is a "yeast" based on my grandmother’s black tea fungus. I call it "grandma", which is used to make various flavors of Kombucha. These kombucha teas are different from the unpalatable "potions" in childhood memories. In the process of research and development, we found that through modern fermentation technology to make some necessary adjustments to its acidity and taste, when the degree of fermentation can be controlled, we will get a relatively palatable Kombucha.

In order to let more people know about this traditional fermented drink, we will hold hand-made Kombucha experience activities from time to time. Participants will learn how to make fermented drinks, control acidity, adjust taste, and observe the growth process of black tea fungus. We hope more people will love our traditional food culture.

(The pictures in this article are provided by the respondents except the signature.)

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Proofreading | Yujin

Editor | Sun Yang

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Original title: "Listen to them, fermentation is like this …"

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The owner of car home spoke highly of the side lines and front face design of the Extreme Fox Alpha T5. He mentioned: "The side lines are really beautiful, and the front face design is much better than the oil truck. The whole family likes him very much." This fully demonstrates the unique charm and wide recognition of the polar fox Alpha T5 in design.