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Original China Cooking Magazine China Cooking Magazine

Text | Sun Yang Chu Hongyu Jasmine Jiang Hui

Fermented food appears in all aspects of our daily diet, and it is always indispensable in the specialty foods in the far and wide. Fermentation is a magical thing, and ordinary ingredients will become extraordinary after time and experience. As a very traditional craft, fermentation contains local customs, records of ordinary life, multicultural collision, warm and romantic family stories …

Today, Xiao Shao invited many culinary masters and local cultural scholars to talk about fermented food in different regions, cooking tips, traditional customs and the scientific principles behind fermentation. Through their sharing, we can see the importance of inheriting traditional fermentation culture and feel the infinite charm of fermented food.

Fermented flavor extended from Jinglu cuisine

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Zhen Jianjun

The inheritor of Palace Cuisine and Zhuangguan Cuisine, the master of China cuisine.

native of Beijing

Zhen Jianjun usually starts to make soy sauce meat in the twelfth lunar month every year, and then dries it until the next spring, when there is oil oozing from the ham surface. (Photo/Yan Hongwei)

Chinese is the best at eating fermented food. Throughout the cooking history of China, sauces fermented from various fruits were used in the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Before monosodium glutamate and various food additives existed, the function of fermentation was not only convenient for food preservation, but also made food produce new flavor. Such as Beijing sauce meat, Guangdong bacon, Jinhua ham, etc., all need to go through fermentation process.

Braised pork is a typical fermented dish in Beijing-Shandong cuisine. Its preparation method is to marinate the meat first, wrap it with distiller’s grains and marinate it for 48 hours, dry the blank and ferment it for 48 hours. A bad juicy meat can’t be eaten for five to seven days.

In addition to all kinds of bacon, preserved fish, bacon and salted fish, all kinds of sauces, vinegar and wine are also inseparable from fermentation. Each place has different production techniques and different flavors, such as Tianjin Duliu vinegar, Shanxi aged vinegar, Zhenjiang balsamic vinegar and Pixian bean paste. Fermentation goes deep into all aspects of our lives.

Bad aroma is the daily fermentation in Jiangnan.

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leonardo

Shanghai Vocational College of Industry and Commerce,

Director of cooking teaching at PICH modern service college

Shanghainese

Bad edamame and bad meat are Shanghai people’s favorite bad goods in summer.

If Shanghainese don’t have a plate of bad food in summer, it’s like this summer has been wasted. The bad brine used in bad vegetables comes from wine making. After rice is fermented, the liquor is extracted, and the distiller’s grains left behind are the raw materials for making bad brine. The traditional method of hanging distiller’s grains is to mix the distiller’s grains with yellow wine, spices and clear water, and some chefs will add a little sweet osmanthus, and then put it into a clean flour bag after stirring evenly. The rope is tied tightly, and the dripping liquid is bittern.

Good bad brine is clear and strange, also known as "bad oil", but it is not really bad oil; If the remaining sludge after hanging is slowly boiled with oil, the real "bad oil" is obtained by filtration and clarification. When cooking fish head soup or steaming shad in Jiangnan area, drop two drops of bad oil before taking the pot, and the wine will immediately overflow.

In summer, bad meat and bad grain are generally soaked with hanging bad brine. Shanghai Meilong Town Restaurant has a dry-roasted fish, which is supplemented by fermented rice wine and tomatoes, emphasizing the sweet and sour wine flavor. People in Ningbo like to eat bad bones, and ribs can only be cooked after pretreatment with distiller’s grains. Residents in coastal areas often use distiller’s grains to preserve food, which plays a role in removing fishy smell and improving taste.

Distiller’s grains in Jiangnan area are divided into white grains, yellow grains and red grains according to color. White distiller’s grains are distiller’s grains after making liquor. Jiangnan liquor is usually rice wine, and Chongming old liquor is a masterpiece. White distiller’s grains are pure, which can be directly used as seasoning for cooking or pickling fish, meat, etc. Yellow distiller’s grains are distiller’s grains for brewing yellow rice wine, and the distiller’s grains are full of flavor. Generally, after processing, the distiller’s grains are used to soak food, and the distiller’s grains used to hang distiller’s grains are yellow distiller’s grains. Red distiller’s grains are made by adding red koji in the process of brewing, and the color is bright. There is still a tradition of brewing red koji in Lishui, Zhejiang Province.

Slurry-traditional fermented food in northwest China,

It is also the most rich aging of life.

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He fentian

Executive General Manager of Yujing Catering Management Co., Ltd.

Concurrent production director

Yinchuan people in Ningxia

When it comes to fermented food, northwest people must have a bowl of syrup. This special snack is one of the local people’s daily diets.

The traditional method of making slurry is to use seasonal vegetables as raw materials, add gelatinized and cooled noodle soup or rice soup, and ferment by natural fermentation or adding primers. Slurry is light in taste, refreshing in taste, and can be directly drunk, and can also be processed into delicious food together with other ingredients, which can highlight the distinctive flavor, such as slurry surface, fish leakage in slurry, etc., and is a good product for appetizing and relieving summer heat in summer.

In essence, slurry water is no different from ordinary fermented foods such as sauerkraut, which are all fermented by lactic acid bacteria, acetic acid bacteria, yeast and other strains. However, it is significantly different from the production method of sauerkraut, without adding salt, and the production time is shorter.

The restaurant I am in charge of will not directly make syrup, but will buy mature goods. On the one hand, it pays attention to food safety, on the other hand, it is convenient to cook. Although it is common to make slurry at home, we need to pay attention to the quality and update it frequently, that is, remove the vegetables that have been soaked for a while and then put in new ones. The old vegetables that are fished out are boiled vegetables, which taste like kimchi and can be eaten directly by cold salad or frying.

Fermentation is within the controllable range.

Looking for the most uncontrollable opportunities

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Qiang Guo

Beijing Amico BJ Chef

native of Beijing

Blackened onions. (Photo/Yan Hongwei)

Comparison between "blackened" horseshoe and fresh horseshoe that has not been blackened.

In recent years, we have been exploring and experimenting with fermentation, but there are relatively many Japanese-style ones. Such as miso, cooking techniques of meat and fish, blackening technology, etc.

At present, a kind of miso butter with bread before meals is made of green bean miso. Green bean miso is different from the traditional miso made of soybeans, because the taste and color of green beans are relatively soft and light, and it forms a balanced aroma with butter.

In my opinion, fermentation is to find the most uncontrollable opportunity within the controllable range, just like exploring unknown asteroids, which is also the fun of fermentation. I think the main principle of fermentation is to control the fermented ingredients not to go bad, but all kinds of uncontrollable things will happen in this process, that is to say, many times its flavor direction is out of your control, sometimes there are surprises and sometimes it’s bad, not necessarily that the ingredients go bad, but that taste is not what you want. This variable is difficult to control for both chefs and researchers.

We had a failed fermentation experiment. For example, using lactic acid bacteria to ferment apples, pineapples, strawberries and other fruits is similar to the principle of pickled cabbage. At first, we wanted to replace some vinegar or sauce with other fermented products, but after my colleagues tasted it, they felt that it was not very comfortable. Personally, I have reservations about it. But as long as someone finds the taste hard to accept, we will give up.

New cooking concepts and new ingredients may collide with something new. For example, David Chang, the chef of Momofuku, new york, replaced bonito with beef and venison, and imitated the craft of Japanese Muyu flower to make a "meat festival". There is also the traditional Japanese fish ripening method. Some high-end Japanese food stores will cook white fish. Considering that the flavor of white fish is too light, it needs a method to make its flavor richer but less kitsch, so it is cooked by kelp. Thallus Laminariae is rich in glutamic acid, which is also the main component of umami flavor.

In Dongtai, fermentation is the beauty of life.

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Zhang guorong

Vice President of Dongtai Nanliang Cultural Volunteers Association

Jiangsu Dongtai people

Born into a family of chefs

Dongtai City, Jiangsu Province, located on the coast of the Yellow Sea, was a famous salt-producing area in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, so a large part of local fermented food is related to salt, and some of it is related to local rich products and local living habits. The famous fermented foods in Dongtai are amaranth, soy bean, crab residue, shrimp oil, acid soaking cuisine, tangerine peel wine and so on.

Amaranth stock is one of the traditional fermented delicacies unique to Dongtai people. Its method is to chop the amaranth stems with thick fingers into inches, soak them in water overnight, add salt and mix well the next day, put them into a clean jar, and seal and ferment for half a month.

Crab residue is also a unique local specialty food. Fishermen wash the small mixed crabs they catch, shell them, remove their lungs, add salt and pestle them, put them in a clean jar, seal them with oil paper, and ferment them for about one month. The original green crab shell and white crab meat have changed color, and the finished product has a unique salty flavor. The key to the production of this dish lies in the control of salt and temperature. Less salt is easy to stink and deteriorate, but more salt can’t ferment successfully.

The dog days shrimp oil is named because the processing process has to go through dog days in summer. Its main raw material is locally produced mango shrimp, and the traditional way is to ferment in an enlarged tank. Dried tangerine peel wine is a famous local specialty in Dongtai, with a long history. It is made from fine white glutinous rice by traditional technology.

Pasta products also have many elements about fermentation. Dongtai people have the custom of steaming steamed buns for the New Year since ancient times. Every household starts from preparing leavened cakes and "receives leaven" every day. Nowadays, the seemingly simple steamed bread actually pays attention to a lot. Among them, temperature is the key condition for fermenting dough. High temperature can ferment quickly, but it is easy to ferment too much, and the steamed bread will have a strong sour taste, which was called "gnashing your teeth" by farmers in the past; If the temperature is low, the fermentation will be slow, and the steamed bread will taste bad.

I think fermented food has many advantages. First, it is conducive to the multiple use of ingredients, and it can even be said that waste is turned into treasure; The second is to increase flavor and nutrition; Third, it is convenient for human body to digest and absorb. In recent years, people have been exploring fermented food, believing that it will bring more benefits to people.

Fish catching in an altar —— Deep in Yunnan people’s memory

Fermented taste

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Li lanxin

Young chef, from Kunming, Yunnan

The dishes made of fish in the jar are very popular among Kunming people.

The most aquatic products in Kunming are Dianchi Lake, and the common aquatic products in the early years are mainly fish, especially the high-backed crucian carp. In the old days, fishermen would dry the endless crucian carp in winter, add ingredients such as pepper, salt, sweet rice wine and spices and put them in an earthen jar for sealing, pickling and fermentation, which became "catching fish in the jar".

There are usually two kinds of earthen jars used to make fish-catching jars: one is that the jar mouth is facing down and the bottom is facing up, which is called "inverted jar" by local people; The other is an altar with an upward opening and a rim, which is called "Shangshui altar". The advantage of using an earthen jar is that it can not only keep the fish delicious, but also prolong the storage time. However, the sealing effect of the water jar is not as good as that of the inverted jar. As long as the latter keeps water in the stone trough or pottery bowl for a long time, it is often cleaned and changed, and the finished product is not easy to deteriorate, and it will not be a problem for two years. Local people often choose Huaning earthen altar, one of the "four famous pottery" in Yunnan, and its production skills have been listed in the provincial intangible cultural heritage list of Yunnan.

I come from a family of chefs, and my family has been a cook for three generations. When I was a child, I heard my grandfather talk about the traditional method of catching fish in the jar: using Qiubei Chili noodles, Zanthoxylum bungeanum noodles and brown sugar, adding star anise powder, tsaoko powder and fennel according to different flavors, adding salt and sweet rice wine, stirring them evenly, putting them into an inverted jar, putting them upside down in a stone trough or earthenware basin, adding clear water for sealing treatment, and blocking them with washed straw. In order to keep it for a longer time, when the water in the stone trough or basin is almost dry, it should be added with water in time to ensure that the water does not dry. After sealing for 45 days, the pickled fish in the earthen jar can be eaten. The simplest way to do it every day is to take the fish out and steam it directly in the pot. It is delicious and delicious, and it is a delicacy for local people to accompany with wine. If the fermentation time exceeds 90 days, the fish bones are crisp and can be eaten together with bones and meat; The fish gradually turns from white to red, with the flavor of ham.

From a less wonderful childhood experience

Deduct into a responsibility

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Xiao Jie

Guangzhou Moming Kombucha

Founder, Xinjiang native

Tea fungus from grandma.

When I was a child, I grew up in Xinjiang. My elders often gave us a special drink. At that time, I didn’t know this drink was "black tea fungus". I just felt that the sour taste and taste were not particularly good, and the experience was not wonderful. I even thought it was a very annoying eating custom.

In the past, it was difficult for Xinjiang people to eat fresh vegetables, especially in the cold winter, but their bodies had to be supplemented with appropriate vitamins. Therefore, every local household would cultivate "black tea fungus" by itself, that is, it was fermented by a variety of microorganisms such as acetic acid bacteria, yeast and lactic acid bacteria with sugar and tea as raw materials. The common drinking method is to take the liquid of black tea fungus and blend it with a little water, usually after meals. Now I understand that its function is to help digestion, but my family has never explained to our children why we drink this drink. This is an unforgettable detail of life for me. When I saw Kombucha with a separate shelf in a foreign supermarket, I was curious to buy it and found that it was the black tea fungus that children often drank, so I had the idea of introducing this fermented beverage to more people.

At present, a bottle of black tea fungus placed on the counter of my shop is a "yeast" based on my grandmother’s black tea fungus. I call it "grandma", which is used to make various flavors of Kombucha. These kombucha teas are different from the unpalatable "potions" in childhood memories. In the process of research and development, we found that through modern fermentation technology to make some necessary adjustments to its acidity and taste, when the degree of fermentation can be controlled, we will get a relatively palatable Kombucha.

In order to let more people know about this traditional fermented drink, we will hold hand-made Kombucha experience activities from time to time. Participants will learn how to make fermented drinks, control acidity, adjust taste, and observe the growth process of black tea fungus. We hope more people will love our traditional food culture.

(The pictures in this article are provided by the respondents except the signature.)

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Proofreading | Yujin

Editor | Sun Yang

This article is selected from the August 2022 issue of China Cooking Magazine. Welcome to forward it to your circle of friends. All the contents of this micro-signal are unauthorized, and it is refused to be reproduced. Infringement will be investigated. If you need to reprint, please contact the backstage and get authorization before reprinting. Please indicate the source and author’s signature in a prominent position when reprinting.

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Original title: "Listen to them, fermentation is like this …"

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　　During the "Fourteenth Five-Year Plan" period, with the deepening of the global digitalization process, the competition in the blockchain industry will become more intense.

　　As one of the emerging digital industries, blockchain plays an important role in industrial transformation. In recent years, blockchain technology and industry have developed rapidly around the world, and its applications have been extended to digital finance, Internet of Things, intelligent manufacturing, supply chain management, digital asset trading and other fields, showing broad application prospects.

　　A few days ago, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the Information Office issued the Guiding Opinions on Accelerating the Application of Blockchain Technology and Industrial Development (hereinafter referred to as the Guiding Opinions), which further clarified the development goal of the blockchain industry in the next 10 years — — By 2025, the comprehensive strength of China’s blockchain industry will reach the world advanced level, and the industry will take shape; By 2030, the comprehensive strength of China’s blockchain industry will continue to improve, and the industrial scale will further grow.

　　"The release of the Guiding Opinions shows that the top-level design of China’s blockchain development has been basically completed, which has important guiding significance for the overall development of the industry." He Baohong, director of the Institute of Cloud Computing and Big Data of China Information and Communication Research Institute, said in an interview with People’s Daily that with the strong support of relevant policies, continuous optimization of technologies, continuous expansion of applications and gradual improvement of governance, the blockchain will usher in a new period of development opportunities.

　　More "action plans" — —

　　Focus on scenes, enterprises, industrial clusters, talents, etc.

　　In recent years, the development of China’s blockchain has been accelerating, and relevant development plans have been issued in various places to support blockchain technology innovation, application scenario expansion and industrial integration development.

　　According to incomplete statistics, since 2020, 10 provincial-level administrative regions such as Beijing, Hebei, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hunan, Guangdong, Hainan, Guizhou, Guangxi and Yunnan have issued special development policies for blockchain (see the table below). In addition, Ningbo, Fuzhou, Quanzhou, Changsha, Chengdu, Qingdao and other cities have also issued relevant policy documents.

　　Summary of special development policies for blockchain in provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities since 2020. Watchmaking: Deng Litian (internship)

　　The "Guiding Opinions" put forward short-term goals for 2025 around blockchain application scenarios, enterprise cultivation, industrial clusters, and talent teams, including: blockchain applications penetrate into many fields of economy and society, and cultivate a number of well-known products in product traceability, data circulation, supply chain management, etc.; Cultivate 3-5 internationally competitive backbone enterprises and a number of innovative leading enterprises; Create 3-5 blockchain industry development clusters; Form a team of professionals to support industrial development.

　　Judging from the current policy documents in various places, many places have put forward corresponding goals or measures. For example, in terms of cultivating enterprises, Zhejiang plans to cultivate more than 15 domestic blockchain leading enterprises; Hebei clarifies that the number of leading enterprises and leading enterprises in blockchain-related fields should reach 20; Hunan will promote 30,000 enterprises to go online. In terms of industrial clusters, Guizhou plans to build two or three blockchain industrial bases; Jiangsu plans three provincial-level blockchain industry development clusters; Beijing proposes to focus on the construction of blockchain industry innovation and development bases with their own characteristics and advantages in Haidian District, Chaoyang District and Tongzhou District. In terms of talents, Jiangsu plans to build 10 blockchain talent training bases; Guangxi proposes to cultivate and introduce more than 1000 middle and senior talents by 2025 … …

　　The industry believes that the current blockchain industry development has ushered in a "policy dividend period", and the future industrial development and technology application are expected to accelerate.

　　Accelerated landing of application scenarios — —

　　The supporting role for economic and social development has initially appeared.

　　Scan the QR code of the "blockchain traceability" on the package with a mobile phone, and the "identity" information such as the name of the merchant, the place of origin and the product characteristics of the product can be seen at a glance. The application of blockchain technology in security traceability is a microcosm of the application scenarios of active innovation technology in recent years.

　　With the continuous maturity of blockchain technology, blockchain has emerged in security traceability, supply chain management, judicial deposit, government data sharing, and people’s livelihood services. Local governments have realized the application prospect of blockchain and its significance for economic and social development, and more application scenarios are accelerating.

　　A few days ago, xiong’an new area completed the first "on-line" digital RMB salary payment. This year, the builders of spring afforestation projects in the new district received their salaries in the form of "digital RMB", which is one of the first application scenarios of "blockchain+digital RMB" in China. The relevant person in charge of the local financial department said: "Digital RMB provides people with more payment options. Merchants use digital RMB to settle accounts, and funds can be received in real time, which is convenient and fast, and there is no handling fee."

　　In terms of government services, blockchain technology has been applied in many application scenarios, such as digital identity, electronic deposit certificate, electronic bill and industrial and commercial registration. In 2020, the blockchain has been applied to 140 specific scenarios in the field of government services in Beijing, with an average reduction of 40% of materials, so that many scenarios can achieve "running at most once"; In Shenzhen, the blockchain electronic license application platform has integrated 24 kinds of commonly used electronic licenses such as resident ID cards and more than 100 high-frequency government services. The reporter learned that in the "action plan" issued by various places, "government winding" has become one of the main application scenarios of blockchain technology.

　　"In the past two years, the blockchain industry has indeed achieved leap-forward development with the help of policies and funds. Applications in various fields have blossomed, and blockchain technology has gradually entered daily life." Luo Wei, founder and CEO of Yulian Technology, told reporters that according to the current experience, the application of blockchain technology is of great significance in reducing costs and increasing efficiency. "For example, the intelligent inspection products of soft and hard integration based on blockchain technology can be applied to the inspection of kitchen, fire protection, hazardous waste and so on, which greatly helps enterprises to reduce management costs and also serve the regulatory authorities."

　　The relevant person in charge of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology said that at present, China’s blockchain technology applications and industries have a good development foundation, and a number of representative blockchain applications have emerged. The supporting role of blockchain in China’s economic and social development has initially appeared.

　　Grasp opportunities and challenges — —

　　Promote China’s blockchain industry to achieve new advantages.

　　At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation is further deepened, and major countries in the world are accelerating the development of blockchain technology. China has a strong domestic demand market and rich application scenarios, and has a good foundation in the blockchain field, especially the rapid development of the alliance chain, but it still faces challenges such as the need for in-depth industrial application, the need to consolidate the industrial foundation, and the need to strengthen ecological cultivation.

　　At the same time, the core technologies need to be broken through, the integration application is not yet mature, the industrial ecology needs to be improved, and the talent pool is obviously short, which also hinders the development of the blockchain industry.

　　"The current blockchain industry development is still in its infancy. Blockchain technology itself still faces problems such as security, credibility and expansibility. Blockchain is limited by factors such as underlying technologies, scenarios and commercialization, resulting in no large-scale landing at present. " He Baohong pointed out that to promote the healthy and orderly development of the industry, it is necessary to strengthen the guidance and standardization of blockchain technology, and promote and popularize the technical application of blockchain by improving the construction of blockchain standard system.

　　The Research Report on the Application and Development of Blockchain in China (2020) pointed out that the shortage of blockchain professionals in China also greatly limited the standardization process of blockchain technical specifications and the rapid development of the industry. At present, domestic universities are actively launching blockchain professional courses to make up for the shortcomings of talents. According to the incomplete statistics of People’s Network Blockchain Research Institute, more than 30 universities including Tsinghua University, Fudan University, Zhejiang University, Tongji University and xidian university have launched blockchain courses.

　　In the Guiding Opinions, the basic principles of traction, innovation-driven, ecological cultivation, multi-party coordination, safety and order are defined, and Industry-University-Research is coordinated to use all forces to solve key problems that restrict industrial development, and strive to promote China’s new industrial advantages in the blockchain field.

　　Deepen industry applications, promote the application of blockchain integration, support the digital transformation and high-quality development of the industry, accelerate application innovation, and support the transparency, equality and accuracy of public services; Consolidate the industrial foundation, focusing on improving the industrial basic ability from the aspects of standard system, technology platform, quality brand, network security and intellectual property rights; Layout the industrial chain, cultivate a number of blockchain famous products, famous enterprises and famous parks, and build an open source ecology; Cultivate industrial talents, support colleges and universities to set up blockchain professional courses, and strengthen blockchain vocational and technical education by building talent training bases … …

　　"The Guiding Opinions is a detailed realization path for the future planning of the blockchain industry, which is in line with the current vision of the actual digital economy." Luo Xiao said that at present, local governments are scrambling to acquire the leading enterprises in the industry, and even some places have given huge concessions by attracting investment and other means to attract outstanding enterprises from all over the world to settle in. The document clarifies the significance of the park to the development of industrial blockchain, and also clarifies the number of industrial development clusters in the future.

　　"The blockchain industry will be in the best development period in the next 10 years, and it will also face more intense competition and challenges. The Guiding Opinions provide direction guidance for the development of blockchain industry, which will promote the introduction and implementation of detailed rules in subsequent places and lay the foundation for building an advanced blockchain industry system. " Xiao Yinghao, general manager of Guangzhou Zhilian Future Technology Co., Ltd. believes that with the promulgation of the Guiding Opinions, more and more institutions will enter the industry in the next three to five years, and market competition will gradually intensify. For blockchain enterprises, on the one hand, it is necessary to do a good job in technical research and technical reserves, on the other hand, it is also necessary to keep up with market demand, effectively combine with industrial needs, and quickly find a mature and reproducible business model in order to survive and develop in a fiercely competitive industrial environment.

　　The relevant person in charge of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology said that the promulgation of the Guiding Opinions will help to further consolidate the development foundation of China’s blockchain, accelerate the scale of technology application, build a blockchain industrial ecosystem with world-advanced level, and achieve leapfrog development.

China remains the biggest engine of global growth.

In 2023, China’s economic growth rate will remain ahead of the world’s major economies, contributing 32% to global economic growth, and it will remain the largest engine of global growth. As China’s economic growth exceeds expectations, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) recently raised the growth forecast of China’s economy and emerging Asian economies in 2024. International financial institutions such as Goldman Sachs and UBS are optimistic about China’s economic development prospects. China’s economic competitive advantage still exists, and China will remain the main contributor to global economic growth this year.

In its latest World Economic Outlook Report, the International Monetary Fund said that due to the resilience of major economies such as China, it raised its global economic growth forecast by 0.2 percentage points to 3.1% this year. The overall economic growth rate of emerging Asian economies is expected to reach 5.2% this year, 0.4 percentage points higher than the forecast in October last year. The International Monetary Fund predicts that China’s economic growth will be 4.6% in 2024, 0.4 percentage points higher than the forecast in October 2023.

In January, newly established foreign-funded enterprises nationwide increased by 74.4% year-on-year.

According to the data released by the Ministry of Commerce on February 23rd, in January 2024, the actual amount of foreign investment in China was 112.71 billion yuan, and 4,588 foreign-invested enterprises were newly established nationwide, up 74.4% year-on-year. From the perspective of industry, the actual use of foreign capital in manufacturing industry was 33.11 billion yuan, an increase of 20.5%, of which the actual use of foreign capital in high-tech manufacturing industry increased by 40.6%. High-tech industries accounted for 34.7% of the actually used foreign capital.

January data of CCTV Finance China Financial Index was released.

On February 23rd, the first monthly index in China reflecting the real-time situation of China’s financial operation — — The latest data of CCTV Finance China Financial Index in January has been released, and many sub-market financial indicators have performed brilliantly.

The latest monthly financial sub-indicators released by CCTV Finance China Financial Index show that the financial indicators of non-bank financial intermediaries soared by 64.25% year-on-year, and the financial indicators of bond market increased by 15.74% year-on-year. According to expert analysis, the financial indicators of non-bank financial intermediaries are the fastest growing in all financial fields, which reflects the activity of non-traditional financing institutions and the high market demand for their services; The bond market has also shown strong growth, which indicates that investors may seek bonds as a sound investment choice in an uncertain market environment.

Local tax authorities "don’t close" during the Spring Festival.

According to the relevant person in charge of State Taxation Administration of The People’s Republic of China, during the Spring Festival holiday, local tax authorities launched the "no-closing" service for tax payment during the Spring Festival, and continued to carry out the "Spring Breeze Action for Facilitating Taxes" to help economic development.

During the Spring Festival, the theme activities of "Spring Man’s Hometown in Central Plains, Henan" were carried out in various parts of Henan, and the tax authorities followed up the services to help the "Spring Festival economy" heat up. Shaoguan City, Guangdong Province, through the "tax benefits" and "service" dual engines, so that "specialization and novelty" new quality productivity is launched at full speed. Guizhou Bijie supports import and export trade through tax policies and promotes more high-quality agricultural products to go abroad.

China manned lunar exploration mission officially confirmed the name of the new aircraft, and all the work was progressing smoothly.

On February 24th, China Manned Space Engineering Office announced that the name of the new spacecraft for China manned lunar exploration mission had been confirmed, and the new generation manned spacecraft was named "Dream Boat" and the lunar lander was named "Landing on the Moon". It is planned that Chinese will land on the moon for the first time before 2030. At present, all works of the project are progressing smoothly.

China successfully launched the communication technology test satellite 11.

On the evening of February 23, China used the Long March 5 remote seven carrier rocket at Wenchang Space Launch Site to successfully launch the communication technology test satellite No.11, and the satellite successfully entered the scheduled orbit. The satellite is mainly used to carry out multi-band and high-speed satellite communication technology verification.

Railways, highways, etc. will usher in the peak passenger flow of the Lantern Festival. On February 24th, the national railway is expected to send 13.3 million passengers. Railway stations all over the country are welcoming large passenger flows, and passenger trains are added to maximize the capacity. According to the monitoring data of the Ministry of Transport, from the first day of the first month to the thirteenth day of the first month, the total traffic volume of road vehicles reached 657 million. With the end of the Lantern Festival, it is expected that there will be a small return peak of the national expressway on February 25th. This year, the passenger flow of civil aviation in Spring Festival travel rush increased significantly compared with last year. As of the Lantern Festival, the domestic passenger traffic in Spring Festival travel rush exceeded 56 million, up nearly 40% (36%) year-on-year. At the same time, the number of flights also reached about 400,000, a year-on-year increase of about 20% (19%).

Since the 24th, 253 special trains for students have been added to the national railways.

The reporter learned from China State Railway Group Co.,Ltd. that the railway will usher in the peak passenger flow of students returning to school in the near future. From February 24 to March 5, it is planned to open 253 special trains for students. The newly added train tickets can be reserved in the "Special Service for Students’ Winter Holiday Booking" area of the railway 12306.

Xi’ an Qingdao can issue a "personal travel endorsement" to and from Hong Kong and Macao.

The Exit-Entry Administration of People’s Republic of China (PRC) has decided to issue "individual travel endorsements" to and from Hong Kong and Macao for qualified personnel in Xi ‘an and Qingdao from March 6, 2024. Resident and residence permit holders in Xi ‘an and Qingdao can submit their applications at the artificial window of exit-entry management of public security organs in Xi ‘an and Qingdao or the intelligent endorsement equipment installed at the artificial window, and choose to apply for "individual travel endorsement" or "group travel endorsement" by themselves. "Personal Travel Endorsement" includes three-month endorsement, three-month endorsement, one-year endorsement and one-year endorsement; Go to Macao for endorsement once every three months and once a year. The holder of the endorsement can stay in Hong Kong or Macao for no more than 7 days at a time.

The key business districts of Lantern Festival are expected to usher in a small peak of passenger flow.

The Lantern Festival on February 24th coincides with the weekend, and the national key business districts are expected to usher in a small peak of passenger flow. According to the forecast of China Mobile’s Wutong Big Data, on the Lantern Festival, the passenger flow of key business districts in China will reach nearly 27 million, an increase of nearly 8 percentage points over the same period last year. Among them, Jie Fangbei in Chongqing, Confucius Temple Pedestrian Street in Nanjing, Tianhe Road Business Circle in Guangzhou, Shenyang Middle Street and Wangfujing Street in Beijing will become the most popular night tours in this year’s Lantern Festival.

Huang Zhouhui, a reporter from Jinyang. com, reported: On June 1, the reporter learned from official website, the people’s government of Guangdong Province that the provincial people’s government has approved and published the seventh batch of representative projects of provincial intangible cultural heritage in Guangdong Province (a total of 39 items) and the list of expanded projects of representative projects of provincial intangible cultural heritage (a total of 35 items). According to statistics, up to now, there are 729 provincial-level non-genetic inheritors in Guangdong.

The list of the seventh batch of representative provincial intangible cultural heritage projects in Guangdong Province is divided into eight categories, including folk culture (4 items), traditional music (4 items), traditional drama (1 item), folk art (1 item), traditional sports, entertainment and acrobatics (3 items), traditional art (2 items), traditional skills (17 items) and folklore (7 items). Among them, four projects in Guangzhou were selected, namely "The Legend of Golden Flower Empress" in Huangpu District, Guangzhou, "Guangzhou Manta Boxing", the skill of making guqin in Haizhu District, Guangzhou, and the skill of making dairy products in Panyu District, Guangzhou (the skill of making traditional snacks of Shawan buffalo milk and the skill of making double-skin milk).

Guangdong is a legacy province, with 132 national non-genetic inheritors, ranking sixth in the country; There are 729 provincial non-genetic inheritors. It is reported that the selection of inheritors of the seventh batch of representative provincial intangible cultural heritage projects in Guangdong Province is planned to start in the second half of this year.

The reporter learned that Guangdong subsidizes non-genetic inheritors every year, and the subsidy level ranks among the top in the country. Among them, for national non-genetic inheritors, Guangdong will subsidize another 10 thousand yuan on the basis of the national subsidy of 20 thousand yuan per person per year; For provincial non-genetic inheritors, Guangdong grants 20,000 yuan per person per year.

[Attached]

I. List of the Seventh Batch of Provincial Intangible Cultural Heritage Representative Projects in Guangdong Province (39 items in total)

II. List of Extended Projects of Provincial Intangible Cultural Heritage in Guangdong Province (35 in total)

　　On December 8th, the State Council Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism held a press conference, inviting relevant responsible comrades and experts from the National Health and Wellness Commission and the National Bureau of Disease Control to attend, and introducing the situation of further optimizing the implementation of epidemic prevention and control measures. Please pay attention to the Q&A of this issue!

　　Scientifically and accurately implement ten optimization measures

　　△ Mi Feng, spokesperson of the National Health and Wellness Commission and deputy director of the Propaganda Department

　　After the introduction of the ten optimization measures, all localities acted quickly, formulated specific implementation measures, accurately defined high-risk areas, optimized nucleic acid detection, adjusted isolation methods, canceled the negative nucleic acid test certificate, and cancelled health codes and trip codes according to regulations.

　　It is necessary to implement it scientifically and accurately in accordance with national prevention and control measures. Smooth the channel of "handling complaints immediately" and respond to and solve the urgent problems reflected by the masses at the first time.

　　It is necessary to speed up the Covid-19 vaccination for the elderly, conduct a thorough health survey for the elderly suffering from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, tumor, immune deficiency and other diseases, and provide health services in different grades.

　　I also remind you that after optimizing the measures, you should continue to do personal protection, maintain healthy and civilized living habits, be the first person responsible for your own health, protect yourself and protect your family.

　　What role do medical institutions at all levels play in providing classified health services for key populations?

　　△ Guo Yanhong, Director of the Medical Emergency Department of the National Health and Wellness Commission

　　Everyone pays special attention to the classified management of positive infected people in Covid-19, which is also an important part of the optimization measures. As we know, Omicron mutant spreads quickly, is highly contagious and spreads invisibly. However, with the variation of the virus, it can be said that the vast majority of infected people are mild or asymptomatic in clinical characteristics, and the proportion of severe cases is relatively small. Therefore, in order to make an overall plan for the layout and utilization of medical resources, the key point is to do a good job in the medical treatment and management of those who are seriously ill and have serious risk factors in COVID-19. We have classified and treated those infected with COVID-19 virus.

　　First, for mild and asymptomatic infected people, those who have no basic diseases or whose basic diseases are in a stable period, they can take care of themselves at home. Today, we issued the Notice on Printing and Distributing the Guidelines for Home Treatment of Infected Persons in Covid-19, giving guidance to home care and the work of primary health care institutions.

　　On the one hand, the infected people carry out self-health monitoring and symptomatic treatment at home. It is particularly important to emphasize that there is no need for treatment without symptoms, and self-health monitoring should be done well. If there are symptoms, such as fever and cough, do a good job of symptomatic treatment. If necessary, you can contact primary medical and health institutions or through the form of internet medical treatment, and the doctor will give professional guidance.

　　On the other hand, because most infected people can be treated in isolation at home, we require grass-roots medical and health institutions to make public consultation calls, and at the same time establish ledgers for elderly people living alone, patients with basic diseases, and pregnant women, especially those with hemodialysis, to do a good job in medical service guarantee. Hospitals can also provide online services through Internet medical services, and medical staff, especially those in primary medical and health institutions, can also provide various forms of professional services such as door-to-door. At the same time, we require medical institutions at all levels, especially primary medical and health institutions, to prepare commonly used drugs and antigen detection reagents, which can meet the needs of health monitoring and medication for home therapists.

　　Second, this part of patients with severe illness or serious risk should be admitted to designated hospitals. In order to ensure the treatment of this part of patients with severe illness or serious risk, we require that hospitals with strong comprehensive ability and high treatment level should be selected as designated treatment hospitals, and at the same time, they should be equipped with strong medical staff. The medical staff team should be multidisciplinary, because it is necessary to ensure the treatment of COVID-19, but also to ensure the treatment of basic diseases. Therefore, we require the designated hospitals to improve the ability of medical treatment and ensure the treatment of patients.

　　Thirdly, there are some patients who have basic diseases or other diseases, and go to general hospitals or specialized hospitals for treatment. In the process of treatment, they may be COVID-19 positive after testing. For this group of people, we have asked general hospitals and specialized hospitals to set up buffer zones in outpatient, emergency and inpatient areas, so as to ensure that these patients can be treated and meet the needs of people’s medical services.

　　In autumn and winter, there are many respiratory infectious diseases, including influenza, and many of them have fever symptoms. Therefore, we require that the fever clinics of medical institutions should be "fully set up and fully opened", and at the same time, the telephone number and address should be made public so that ordinary people can go to the fever clinic nearby for treatment. At the same time, it is also required that the fever clinic should expand the consultation space, equip the medical staff, improve the consultation ability, and not shut down at will to ensure that the diagnosis and treatment work can be carried out smoothly and orderly, and better safeguard the health of the people.

　　What are the specific requirements for optimizing measures to further narrow the scope and reduce the frequency of nucleic acid detection?

　　△ He Qinghua, the first-level inspector of the Department of Communication and Prevention of the National Bureau of Disease Control and Prevention

　　Further optimization measures require further optimization of nucleic acid detection, emphasizing that nucleic acid detection should focus on areas and people with high risk of infection, mainly reducing the scope and frequency of nucleic acid detection from the following aspects:

　　First, not to carry out all-staff nucleic acid testing according to administrative regions.

　　Second, except for special places such as nursing homes, welfare homes, medical institutions, child care institutions, primary and secondary schools, negative proof of nucleic acid testing is not required.

　　Third, cross-regional migrants will no longer be examined for negative nucleic acid test certificates or health codes, and landing inspections will no longer be carried out.

　　Fourth, according to the needs of epidemic prevention work, antigen testing can be carried out.

　　In addition, it is also required to carry out nucleic acid testing for employees in high-risk positions in accordance with the relevant provisions of Article 20 optimization measures, and the scope of nucleic acid testing shall not be expanded.

　　Employees in high-risk positions mainly include: those who are in direct contact with entry personnel, articles and the environment, staff in centralized isolation places, medical staff in fever clinics in designated medical institutions and general medical institutions, and those who are engaged in supermarkets, express delivery and take-out with frequent contacts and strong mobility.

　　Many elderly people with mobility difficulties rarely go to crowded places. Why should they be vaccinated?

　　△ Xia Gang, Director of the Department of Health and Immunity, National Bureau of Disease Control and Prevention

　　At present, the epidemic situation is still severe and complicated. Vaccination still has a good effect in preventing severe illness and death. Vulnerable people such as the elderly can easily develop into severe illness, critical illness and even death after being infected with Covid-19. Vaccination with COVID-19 vaccine has benefited the most. There are quite a few disabled and semi-disabled elderly people in China who live at home for a long time and rarely go out. However, they may still be infected during the company or visit of relatives, which may lead to illness or even serious illness and death. Therefore, it is still necessary to vaccinate.

　　At the same time, considering the mobility of these elderly people, in order to make them more convenient for vaccination, we have continued some previous good practices, including using mobile vaccination vehicles, setting up special vaccination sessions for the elderly and opening up green channels for vaccination for the elderly. At the same time, it is also suggested that all localities can send medical personnel with rich experience in diagnosis, treatment and vaccination to form vaccination teams, carry common equipment and medicines needed during observation after vaccination, and provide home vaccination services for disabled and semi-disabled elderly people, so that these elderly people can complete vaccination without leaving home.

　　What are the high-risk posts specified in epidemic prevention measures?

　　△ Wang Liping, a researcher at the Center for Disease Control and Prevention of China

　　The first category is extremely risky, which refers to those who are in direct contact with entry personnel, articles and environment, staff in centralized isolation places, and medical staff in fever clinics of designated medical institutions and general medical institutions. They are required to conduct closed-loop management during the operation and conduct nucleic acid testing every day.

　　The second category refers to the staff of Shangchao, who are closely related to our lives. Some employees working in the environment, such as express delivery and take-away, are relatively dense. They have frequent contact with people and strong mobility. We should also do a good job in monitoring and nucleic acid testing, and require two nucleic acid tests every week.

　　Personal physical discomfort, what can I choose to observe at home? Which ones need medical treatment?

　　△ Wang Guiqiang, Director of Infectious Diseases Department of Peking University First Hospital

　　Patients need certain basic conditions for home observation, including having a separate room and no serious basic diseases. Most infected people in Covid-19 can stay at home, and only a few people with serious basic diseases need to see a doctor in a medical institution.

　　Home observation emphasizes home observation and treatment. On the one hand, it is necessary to measure your body temperature regularly and observe your various symptoms. If you have symptoms such as fever and cough, you can take medicine for the symptoms.

　　If the following situations occur, it is recommended to contact the community doctor. If the illness is serious, you can contact 120 to go to the hospital for treatment. One is dyspnea and shortness of breath. Second, after drug treatment, you still have a fever. If it exceeds 38.5℃ for more than 3 days, you should go to the hospital. Third, when the original basic disease is obviously aggravated, medication can not be controlled, or there is a risk of acute and critical diseases such as precordial pain, you must go to the hospital in time for treatment. Fourth, children have drowsiness, vomiting, diarrhea, refusal to eat, etc., and they will not be relieved after treatment. Those who have been in the hospital for more than two days will also go to the hospital. Fifth, pregnant women have headaches, dizziness, palpitation, shortness of breath or abnormal fetal movement, and they should also go to the hospital for treatment.

　　In short, when observing in isolation at home, do a good job of personal health monitoring, and contact community doctors at any time if you have any problems, and go to the hospital for treatment if necessary to avoid aggravation of the disease.

　　Text finishing: Wang Ning

　　Video clip: Wang Junke and Yang Shijia (internship)

　　Editor: Yang Minghao

　　What are the differences between HarmonyOS and Android? The biggest difference between HarmonyOS system and Android system is compatibility, the system design is more concise and smooth, and HarmonyOS system is a real system made in China, which is more meaningful to us.

　　At 8: 00pm on June 2nd, the much-anticipated HarmonyOS system was officially released. The release of HarmonyOS system was a brilliant moment for Huawei and even China’s science and technology field. In 2012, Huawei began to plan its own system. Huawei’s pioneering spirit deserves our praise. Until June 2 this year, Huawei’s HarmonyOS system was finally released, which lasted for nine years. On this day, HarmonyOS system was officially opened to the majority of Chinese users, which also marked the official arrival of HarmonyOS system.

　 　 　 　 Introduction to the differences between HarmonyOS system and Android.

　 　 　 　 First, the system design is simpler and smoother.

　　First of all, it is clear that HarmonyOS’s genes must be better than Android’s. Under the HarmonyOS system, the running speed of the software will be more than 60% higher than that of Android, and the system design will be more concise and light.

　 　 　 　 Second, HarmonyOS system is more compatible with equipment.

　　The biggest difference between HarmonyOS system and Android system is compatibility. HarmonyOS system can support a large number of smart home devices at the same time, and it can form a seamless unified operating system, so that every smart device is a control center. However, Android’s performance in this respect is completely inferior to that of HarmonyOS system, which is basically only suitable for mobile phones. With the continuous popularization of 5G, people’s communication methods have also changed a lot. One of them is the interconnection of everything, which is based on high-speed network connections, so HarmonyOS is really suitable for 5G.

　　 　 Third, the real Chinese system

　　Both Android and iOS are foreign systems, while HarmonyOS is a system independently developed by Huawei, and the core technology is in our hands. With more than 30 million users in a month, HarmonyOS has a bright future.

　 　 　 　 Write it at the end

　　Although the HarmonyOS system has been officially released, people’s expectations for the HarmonyOS system are very high, but for the HarmonyOS system, it is just showing its edge, and there is still a long way to go in the future. I hope you can give it more tolerance and suggestions. In contrast, HarmonyOS system has advantages and disadvantages, and needs to be improved gradually. Another point is that there are too few supporters of HarmonyOS system at present, and only Huawei is using HarmonyOS system in domestic mobile phones. Other manufacturers are basically waiting to see. If a system wants to develop rapidly, it must have a user base. I hope you can support it a lot.

Sichuan and Xinjiang have been hit by earthquakes, and "blessing" and forwarding "common sense of escape" have become the key words in many people’s circle of friends. But have you thought about it? Disasters caused by environment, climate and nature are not gender-neutral.

United Nations data show that in natural disasters, the mortality rate of women is four times that of men.

In the 2004 tsunami in Southeast Asia, women accounted for 80% of the deaths, much higher than men.

As of August, 2008, the data on the "platform for finding relatives in Wenchuan earthquake" showed that the proportion of women killed in Wenchuan earthquake accounted for 51.2% of the total number of victims.

At the "Beijing +20" Asia-Pacific NGO Forum held in Bangkok in 2014, an interesting picture about the super typhoon Haiyan in 2013 was displayed in the publicity area on the first day of the opening: among the total 13.25 million people affected by the disaster, there were 230,000 pregnant and 156,000 lactating women, 320,174,886 women of childbearing age and 65,000 people aged 15-49.

An Interpretation of Typhoon Haiyan from the Perspective of Gender

Perhaps few people pay attention to the influence of environment on different sexes, but various facts tell us that even if women live in the same land and experience the same wind, frost, rain and snow, the negative impact of environment, disasters and climate change is unfair and more serious.

The reasons for this result are not only the physiological ones that we usually understand easily: women’s physique is not as strong as men’s, their ability to fight is weaker, their escape speed is slower, etc., but also the social causes that everyone and the builders of public resources should pay attention to.

A female victim was at the scene of the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011. Image source: Iron Blood Community

Earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, mudslides … People usually think that everyone is equal before natural disasters. But this is not the case. Why did this happen? There are many reasons. First, the physical differences between men and women. Compared with men, women have weak physical strength and poor escape ability; Second, many women, as mothers, first think of saving their children when a disaster occurs, and delay their escape; Third, many women can’t swim, because the culture doesn’t encourage girls to learn to swim, and they think it’s indecent to play in the water like that. Fourthly, when some women escape, they need to put on suitable clothes before going out, which wastes precious time; There are also women with low education level and lack of knowledge of risk avoidance and disaster prevention.

It can be seen that among these factors, only a few are related to women’s physical and physiological differences, while most of them come from social factors-women’s education level, their family role, social and cultural norms for women, etc.

The damage and loss caused by disasters depend not only on the degree of natural disasters, but also on the vulnerability of communities and people affected by disasters. For women, because of their physical vulnerability, they face greater dangers and injuries than men, and the gender discrimination and norms that women face, that is, social vulnerability-such as girls’ lack of educational opportunities, low economic status, lack of political participation and decision-making power-make them face more challenges than men in coping with and preventing disasters and post-disaster reconstruction.

-Cai Yiping’s Gender Issues in Disaster Prevention and Mitigation.

Photo: Wenchuan earthquake survivors return to Beichuan after 4 years.

The division of roles and social norms make women more trapped in "home"

Because of the social stereotype of "men are the masters outside and women are the masters inside", women are more likely to stay at home and take care of housework, and even if they go out to work, they are mostly engaged in indoor work. This makes the vast majority of people who are easy to escape outdoors when disasters such as earthquakes occur during the day are men, while women are more likely to be trapped indoors. In addition, if disasters such as fires, earthquakes and mudslides occur at night, women usually move slowly because of social requirements (they can’t be "naked"), delaying their escape time.

Lack of escape skills and resources

Even if it seems that the gender difference is caused by physiological reasons, there may be social causes worthy of reflection behind it. We always think that women are physically weak, run slowly and bear poor weight. In fact, this is also the result of teaching: girls are required to play with dolls and behave gracefully when they are young, while boys are encouraged to bounce and carry heavy objects … When disasters come, women naturally lack sports experience to save themselves. In addition, generally speaking, especially in underdeveloped areas, women’s educational level is lower than that of men, which makes it more difficult for them to receive disaster prevention information in time and effectively.

Image source: Netease woman "Gender injustice is the" culprit "of women’s high casualty rate in natural disasters"

The result of gender discrimination caused by "boy preference"

I believe many people still remember the plot in the movie Tangshan Earthquake. Facing a pair of children, the mother finally chose to give up her daughter. This tragedy that may make people regret for life may be a cruel reality. No matter during or after the disaster, people in areas affected by the patriarchal culture are more inclined to give boys more chances of survival and rescue resources.

Stills of Tangshan Earthquake

Gender blind spot in post-disaster resource allocation

After narrowly escaping from the scene of natural disasters, the impact of gender injustice is still not over. Food, water, medical care and material conditions in post-disaster relief are limited, and rescuers are usually gender blind. Due to the above reasons, the proportion of women allocated to these resources is seriously insufficient, and the family is usually dominated by men, who decides who will receive and distribute the materials.

In addition, the materials targeted at women are seriously inadequate in most disaster relief, such as sanitary napkins, pregnant women’s products, milk powder or alternative baby food (disasters often cause lactation disorders for lactating women), gynecological diseases drugs and so on. People usually think that "there is no energy to talk about anything else if you don’t have enough to eat", but they ignore that perhaps these necessary resources are as necessary for women as eating and the key to ensuring their health through disasters.

The pictures of service points after the Yingjiang earthquake in Yunnan in 2014 came from the Internet.

In addition, the probability of women being attacked by human beings in natural disasters may also increase than usual, such as being robbed of money and encountering physical and sexual violence.

Due to the unequal social structure, women usually occupy less resources, including social, economic and natural resources. Therefore, in the face of even equal losses, women should be more vulnerable. This is not only reflected in areas dominated by agricultural production, but also in cities. Taking the smog in China as an example, the third survey on the status of women in China showed that the income of urban women in 2010 was only 67.3% of that of men. Then, just buying a mask at the same price is much easier for men as a whole than for women at the consumption level.

The assessment and rescue of women affected by climate change and disasters by the state and disaster response agencies is far from enough. More consideration on how to involve women in the use and distribution of disaster relief resources and how to establish targeted relief for women is only the starting point to make up for the more serious actual losses of women caused by structural gender inequality.

And when each of us can take a step further, think about those women and girls who may encounter great difficulties. Are their tragedies really just caused by misfortune? Is it possible for us to change the so-called "nature" by changing the human society we live in?

(This article is reproduced by The Paper under the authorization of genderinchina, the WeChat account of "Voice of Feminism". )