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This article comes from WeChat WeChat official account:Cody products go to sea (id: chenfeng element), Author: Chen Feng, original title: "Humanoid Robot Design Guide: How to find a way out for consumers?" 》, the title picture comes from: TESLA

Musk’s product design once again swept our field of vision, this time it was a humanoid robot.

Tesla Optimus Prime Product Design Path

On September 30th, Optimus Prime, which aims to "reshape the future of the labor force", was released, adding more variables to the product design of humanoid robots.

On August 11th, before Tesla, Xiaomi released his own humanoid robot CyberOne, code-named "Tieda". A well-known domestic artificial intelligence solution provider, Ubisoft, also released a new generation of Walker X in October last year.

The isometric drawings of Optimus Prime and other large-scale product designs.

However, if the DEMO released this time is shown to the Japanese fifty years ago, I’m afraid the product designers will be disappointed. As early as 1972, Waseda University in Japan had made the first full-size humanoid robot WABOT, which could communicate in Japanese, navigate indoors and grab objects.

Wabot is highly similar to the DEMO of Optimus Prime.

Fifty years later, humanoid robots seem to be stuck in the castle in the air of cutting-edge technology, and it is difficult to get out of the laboratory and land. Aside from Tesla’s brand aura, where does the future design of humanoid robots lead?

Chronicle of Honda ASIMO product design

From psychology to art, from product application to steering gear cost, humanoid robot may be the most challenging product design in human history.

Challenge uncanny valley.

In the classic book Crossing the Gap, Geoffrey Moore thinks: "The most dangerous and crucial point in the process of high-tech products coming out is the transition from the early market dominated by a few visionaries to the mainstream market occupied by a large number of customers dominated by pragmatists."

Tesla CyberTruck’s sense of the future is inseparable from industrial design.

Compared with Tesla’s previous CyberTruck and Model electric cars, humanoid robots rely more on industrial design. Only in this way can we achieve a thrilling leap from laboratory prototype to commercialization.

The theory of horror valley belongs to the industrial design of humanoid robots. If humanoid robots try to approach real people from various characteristics, users’ expectations for design will be unattainable.

"uncanny valley" Psychological Theory in Robot Design

Once designers pay too much attention to appearance and emotional expression, such as trying to recreate human muscles and skin, they will easily fall into uncanny valley, and become a failed commodity like the "corpses" of countless laboratory DEMO lying at the bottom of the valley.

The list of "scary robots" on IEEE

Zhang Haochong, director of Naiyang Creative Design, said: No matter from the design trend or the current product technology, the more effective design ideas are not to challenge the "uncanny valley", to resist the impulse of design, and to design robots as "digital products" and "home appliances" to avoid the corresponding seats for real people.

This means that on the left side of uncanny valley, there is still a vast design space to prove the consumption value.

How many obstacles are there to overcome in designing the dream humanoid robot commodity?

Overcoming Moravik Paradox

In fact, the design of humanoid robots has never been seen by the AI industry.

In 2012, teacher Kai-fu Lee once commented that the idea that humanoid robots will enter thousands of households immediately is simply nonsense.

Peter teale, the founder of Paypal, came to the same conclusion: "It’s just a simple action to let the robot take out the dirty clothes from the basket and put them into the washing machine". In the opinion of the engineers he communicated with, "it can’t be seen in his lifetime."

The criticism of AI predecessors is not groundless. Its foundation is actually one: Moravik paradox.

Humanoid robots are smart, but their movement ability can never keep up with the algorithm.-Because the existing motors and sensors are not accurate enough, the limbs are extremely underdeveloped. It can copy the story of AlphaGo countless times, easily defeating humans in data calculation and quiz, but it can’t twist a door handle and pick up a water cup accurately-not as good as a three-year-old child.

All children’s sports skills: picking up pencils, running and jumping, and tightening bottle caps-all are the most difficult problems for humanoid robots so far. A cold joke in the AI industry is that manual jobs such as gardeners, receptionists and chefs don’t have to worry about being replaced within 30 years.

The limitation of Moravik’s paradox is what all robot designers need to face up to.

The daunting design cost.

The industrial design of humanoid robot needs abundant funds to irrigate it.

The joints of Tesla Optimus Prime contain a large number of motors.

To create a perfect robot design, ABS plastic shell and color matching are only small heads among small heads, and a large number of joints and servo steering gears are needed to support the design.

Exploded view of millet CyberOne hip motor structure

Relevant practitioners have revealed that the cost of servo steering gear system accounts for 40% to 50% of sports robots. The multi-stage steering gear needed to realize human action design and the high price of accessories force humanoid robots to bid farewell to high quality and low price at the consumer end.

The common servo steering gear on Taobao is expensive.

Tesla shouted out a customer unit price of $20,000 at the press conference, but this is still not an acceptable price for the consumer market.Even in the field of children, considering the lower customer unit price of toy robots, the high cost of motors will not change because of their size, which greatly reduces the cost space.

Small steering gear for children’s toys is also expensive.

For Tesla and any robot, the whole body needs countless steering gears to drive, and the cost fluctuation of any motor is a factor that cannot be ignored when designing products.

Home furnishing field

If you want to design humanoid robots for the home field, the first thing to consider is the material and color matching.

White material is a common color for household appliances in industrial design. It has also become the home color matching standard for humanoid robots.

However, the curse of Moravic’s paradox is the strongest in the field of home.

Although the humanoid home robot has always been a design that attracts people’s attention, it has always been far from the designer’s expectations: since its inception, humanoid robots have been subjected to various "less human-like" home robots.

From 2021 to 2022, Aqara Green Rice and Eurobo completed financing with a total amount of 1 billion yuan respectively. It has become the two largest financing for smart homes in recent years. Humanoid robot and smart home are both capital-intensive industries, but the former is a research and development need, and the profit is far away; The installed capacity of the latter products is well documented.

Aqara’s various professional home robot matrices

In Japan, where ASIMO home robot was born, there is a unique SwitchBot company.

Its product design style is to use a small motor to quickly control the common buttons and door handles at home. To achieve the same function, humanoid robot needs the identification, positioning and linkage of dozens of servo motors.

The humanoid robot needs dozens of steering gears to twist the door handle.

A large number of micro-powered robots directly skipped the defense line of Moravik paradox. When humanoid robots are still studying how to form a mechanical arm with a variety of steering gears, press the switch and unlock the door lock with high precision, the IoT robot chose to reduce the dimension.

The best-selling button robot in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and Japan.

This is a moment that has appeared many times in the history of industrial design: in the 19th century, Germans once carved guns with the same high quality as works of art, which is still a model of design collection; The British designed a cheap, simple gun which is suitable for rapid and large-scale industrial manufacturing. When low-cost small steering gear can quickly realize the home scene of dozens of heavy steering gear linkage, the balance of war will inevitably tilt to the other side of the humanoid vase.

The search volume of Google Trend, a home robot, is significantly higher than that of humanoid robots after 2011.

What few people know is that before Tesla and Xiaomi’s robots, the once-popular Honda ASIMO home robot officially retired in March 2022.

On March 31st, 2022, Honda ASIMO robot officially retired.

The performance of humanoid robots on the home stage has ended before it started.

Although this expression is somewhat cruel, it is hard not to think that the design behind Tesla’s "Optimus Prime" and Xiaomi’s CyberOne today is just a replica of the defeated soldiers in the home battlefield.

An educational scene that is beyond one’s power

Outside the smart home stage, humanoid robots could have found another way to capture children’s desks as "educational robots".

The design opportunity began in 2017, when the State Council issued the artificial intelligence education policy.

This policy has greatly stimulated the demand for robot education. In front of major companies, it is a grand blue ocean market. In 2018, Ubisoft hired Takahashi Zhilong, who had designed RoBohon robot, as the chief product officer to take charge of product design.

China and Japanese robot industry designers met on the education track.

Everything about the humanoid educational robot looks beautiful.

Take the "Wukong" released in 2019 as an example. The size of the mini makes it not be regarded as a real person, avoiding the pit of the horror valley effect; As the most acceptable interactive carrier for children, humanoid can play the role of children’s learning companion and promote students’ social skills of communicating with others, understanding emotions and expressing. You can also get through all kinds of educational IP and become a traffic portal.

However, there have been professional teachers’ voices opposing humanoid design.

The reason is the familiar Moravik paradox: the educational subjects of humanoid robots are mainly mathematics, physics and engineering project learning, and the reasonable and efficient educational product modeling is actually not bound by humanoid.

The best-selling robots in Amazon, USA, are usually wheeled or tracked.

A robot product designer before making a child’s heart gave an example of an excavator: assuming that the mechanical arm and the principle of the mechanical arm should be taught in the primary school curriculum, the product form should reflect the semantics of mining. In modern classroom teaching, when introducing the popular science of robots, children’s reaction after getting humanoid robots is bound to exceed expectations: "Can it help me move things?" "Can these two robots race?"

Motionblock modular robot is a typical idea of split design according to projects.

Among them, the ability to walk and exercise is far beyond the ceiling that humanoid robots can meet from the beginning.

Teacher Cheng, who has used Alpha and Wukong robots to write courses, said: "Humanoid robots are very cost-effective and can’t support a few classes." Ye Yonghao, chairman of Yuzhi Kechuang, revealed: "Humanoid robots usually have requirements for venues and teachers, and institutions will not use human figures. Primary and secondary schools rarely introduce it. Even if there is, it is also the display purpose led by the Education Bureau. "

Modular educational robot occupying the market

The consensus reached by the education sector not only that teaching should not be restricted by human design, but also includes the need for emotional expression.

In April 2001, in Los Angeles, a studio named Cozmo Robot was established. Its products will be praised by many robot teachers, designers and even small bosses of Dongguan toy factory, and will occupy a very heavy weight in the design history of robots and educational toys.

Vector is not a humanoid design, but the introduction of LED panel brings emotional design to the extreme.

What makes Cozmo famous is the extremely rich emotional design. "This is what robots should look like. Please stop making humanoid robots like nightmares!" Become a representative of the consumer market.

High praise product reviews under the evaluation of Unbox Therapy

Cozmo’s design idea reduces the market’s dependence on human form and turns to richer expression design to meet the better output of children’s content. Drive the head expression of humanoid robot to develop in a rich and delicate direction.

The subsequent development has nothing to do with human form:After 2020, with the outbreak of online education and the decrease of the cost of superimposed screen components, the design trend is to further enlarge the expression panel and cut off the expensive humanoid joints.The industrial design at this stage is essentially a tablet computer dragging its body and speakers.

Image source: finishing by the author

Zhang Haochong, who has participated in Corbit, mTiny and Codey Rocky, pointed out the reasons:No matter the cost of steering gear, the feasibility of technology or the actual cost, its content can not bear the main responsibility of humanoid robot as education.

From school to family, from desks to dining tables, a large number of modular and kit toys and teaching AIDS have occupied the fields that Takahashi Zhilong and humanoid robots once dreamed of. However, due to the lack of support from professional B-end users, the proportion of humanoid modeling in the educational product line will inevitably decline.

Commercial performances and reception scenes

Tesla "Optimus Prime" pays attention to different physical labor scenes, and the commercial exhibition and reception in Chinese mainland is the undisputed home of humanoid robots.

The annual Spring Festival Gala is a battleground for all kinds of traffic operations for China Internet companies; For humanoid robots, it is a window to show product design.

In 2016, 540 Alpha humanoid robots landed in the Spring Festival Evening of the Year of the Monkey, and completed the product appearance in the song of Sun Nan’s "Rushing to the Peak"; Three years later, six Walker robots landed at the Shenzhen Branch of the Spring Festival Evening again. Subsequently, Ubisoft received a $100 million investment from CDH and CITIC Jinshi, and the overall valuation of the company reached $1 billion.

This is a pre-advertised product show. On the one hand, as a new product, it takes an educational process for design to go to the consumer market, and Spring Festival Evening Harmony is the best market promoter of product design. On the other hand, humanoid robots with excellent appearance and tonality in line with business scenes help to drain variety shows and offline shopping malls and tell a more technological brand story.

However, far from the performance of financing aura:In the field of domestic leasing, the product design with good sales performance is actually a wheeled flat-panel robot dominated by domestic Da Yun robots.

SoftBank Pepper, similar to Da Yun, receives robots.

In contrast, Ubisoft’s best-selling commercial reception robot is not a humanoid, but a Cruzr robot that also provides information consultation with a large tablet computer.

The choice of enterprises is clear-cut: avoiding the humanoid design with higher cost and more instability at this stage, and realizing offline service efficiency through AI voice and content. As for whether the product design is bipedal and conforms to the humanoid ideal of designers and engineers, it is not for enterprises to consider.

In any case, the B-end products support the valuation confidence of the industry. In April 2019, the representative of domestic humanoid robot, You Bixuan, started filing counseling at Shenzhen Securities Regulatory Bureau and started the journey of IPO listing.

At this moment, it is less than 10 months before the full-scale outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic.

Epidemic prevention medical care, failed answer sheet

When the epidemic spread around the world, the design route of humanoid robots was also subverted.

Faced with such a large-scale epidemic and the emerging demand for massive service robots, designers suddenly found that wheeled robot talents are the solution to deal with the epidemic quickly.

The medical robot of Cizhi Wei ‘an has no obvious humanoid bipedal design.

As a result, there is no doubt that all kinds of unmanned vehicles have played a far more important role than humanoid robots. After 2020, humanoid robots are absent from both epidemic prevention service robots and rehabilitation service robots released in 2022.

European and American designers from the other side of the ocean, without China and Japan’s attachment to the biped scheme, adopted the wheeled design scheme "pragmatically". At this point, the stage of epidemic prevention and medical service has been decoupled from the design of humanoid robot.

The epidemic in COVID-19 seems to have nothing to do with humanoid robots, but it seriously overdraws the design funds-humanoid robots that are difficult to make profits in the short term and break through the technical bottleneck are even more backward in product application.

Entertainment and IP

The ebb tide of humanoid design does not seem to affect the surrounding IP and film and television products.

Why can today’s humanoid design still occupy a place? Essentially, humanoid robots are still enjoying the afterglow of all kinds of capital, media and IP. It has always been the global animation and film industry that has a profound impact on the product design of manufacturing industry, not the other way around.

When Takahashi Chihiro, the designer of the current article, was still studying at Ritsumeikan University in Kyoto, the Gospel Warrior of the New Century was already popular in East Asia, and at this moment, it has been 30 years since the humanoid robot Astro Boy was first serialized.

IP has a great influence on public cognition and product design.

When the design of humanoid robots lacks depth and fails to meet the public’s expectations of various classic IP, no matter how much design efforts, it will become a market failure. When one consumer story after another is finished, the humanoid robot persists except for the IP stage, and the audience on other stages has already gone empty.

The only purpose of design seems to be to stimulate investment.

Brand window telling vision

As the ceiling of humanoid design technology, Boston Power is probably a bumpy demonstration of stimulating investment.

Long ago, Boston Dynamics stated that it was, is and will be a money-burning company for a long time.

Although it has solved the problem of humanoid motion performance well enough, it has changed hands three times in seven years, and it has successively moved to Google, Softbank and Hyundai, which accurately illustrates the embarrassing situation that humanoid design lacks profit: enterprises are more inclined to use it as an imaginative tool to mobilize investment value, and once its revenue fails to meet expectations, it will be cut decisively.

This is similar to the underlying logic of Xiaomi’s project to build cars and robot products. Regardless of the impact of releasing humanoid robot products on business, it is definitely timely in stock price and future vision.

Xiaomi CyberOne Design Conference Site

This means that Xiaomi’s brand imagination has a new short-term anchor object.

Today’s Tesla has also learned how to pull this stock price. Musk clearly knows what the brand story about Tesla’s next decade looks like.

Today’s industrial design can’t solve the dilemma that humanoid robots are not popular, and Tesla is not optimistic. Various cost and scenario application problems will also be an urgent problem for Tesla designers.

Facing the Unknown Screenshot of Optimus Prime Tesla Conference

The Design Bonus of Sunset Western Hills

In the history of industrial design all over the world, no design team has completely run through the difficult design road of humanoid robots. How to design a humanoid robot? Musk, peter teale and Kai-Fu Lee have no answers, there is no answer in the history of industrial design, there is no answer in bionic design, there is no answer in motor parameters, and there is no answer in data algorithm.

In any case, humanoid robots will always inspire industrial designers deeply: try not to let backward product forms and concepts guide product appearance and creativity.

Jian li, senior product manager of Hetai, believes that the future prospect mainly lies in the service scene function of the companion.Humanoid has never been an efficient productive form, so when designing products, don’t be bound by the evolution process of carbon-based life, so that the efficiency of robots can not be limited to humanoid.

Nina, director of Naiyang’s creative design and operation, said: After the iPhone came out, all the industrial designs of the old era, such as the touch screen slider, disappeared. The category of "smart phone" has also been settled after years of competition. If Tesla’s "Optimus Prime" can become an iPhone-like classic design and have a profound impact on the industry, even if it is wheeled or modularized and detachable, it is very different from the "humanoid" imagined by consumers. As long as the market opens, everyone will slowly accept the new design.

Before the design proposition of human modeling, not only Tesla designers, but also product designers all over the world may be thinking: can humanoid robots get rid of the unnecessary conceptual constraints and break the original appearance ideas?

The answer to this design proposition will probably affect Tesla and other humanoid robots in the next decade or even twenty years.

References:

[1] Asimo robots retire after an amazing 20-year career. https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2022/03/2f1164a820ff-hondas-asimo-robot-to-retire-after-20-year-career-wowing-public.html

[2] The commercial confusion of excellent selection https://www.forbeschina.com/investment/56264

[3] Lei Jun learned to be a man from Musk, and Xiaomi released the first humanoid robot. https://www.163.com/dy/article/HET7931H0511D0C3.html

[4] https://insideevs.com/news/458170/tesla-design-boss-cybertruck-inspiration-fighter-jet/

[5] Ubisoft announced the completion of the $820 million Series C financing. After a valuation of $5 billion, we interviewed CEO James Zhou. https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/36386388

[6] Can you get science and technology innovation board’s wish if you are a must-have in the Spring Festival Evening?https://new.qq.com/rain/a/20210219A02HRS00

[7] https://www.designnews.com/electronics-test/cozmo-vector-how-anki-designs-robots-emotional-intelligence

[8] Spring Festival Evening robot Walker: 10 seconds on stage, more than 1200 hours off stage https://www.sohu.com/a/293463936_99985415.

This article comes from WeChat WeChat official account:Cody products go to sea (id: chenfeng element), author: Chen Feng

　　[History of car home Cars] Today, Porsche is one of the most profitable car manufacturers in the world. However, in the 1990s, it suffered a serious crisis and almost went bankrupt. How did Porsche get out of the predicament step by step and realize its legendary revival? Among them, (|), the two-seater roadster to be discussed in this paper, plays a decisive role.

　　In the early 1990s, although Porsche owned three models, 928, 911(964) and 968, the sales situation was not satisfactory, which caused the company to fall into a terrible business crisis. In order to save the enterprise, Porsche has carried out drastic reforms. On the one hand, Toyota production mode is introduced to save costs and improve production efficiency.

　　On the other hand, adjust the product range, stop production of the expensive 928 and 968 equipped with front-mounted 4-cylinder engine, and instead develop a sports car with more attractive price that can capture the hearts of young consumers. In addition, in order to raise more funds, Porsche and Audi jointly built a high-performance station wagon RS2 and designed a sedan C88 for the China market.

　　In 1991, Porsche, which was in deep crisis of survival, tried various solutions, including a two-seat convertible concept car with a mid-engine layout-Boxster. The design of the car was inspired by the concept car Panamericana built by Ferrari Porsche on his 80th birthday. The short rear suspension and short body, the front suspension extending forward and protruding from the front axle and the exhaust tailpipe arranged in the center of the rear of the car continue the classic design of Porsche.

　　Boxer is a combination of the words "horizontally opposed engine" and "roadster". This name contains the initial setting of horizontally opposed engine, which is also a prominent technical feature shared by the 356 models launched in 1948 and the 911 models from 1963 to the present. The concept of mid-engine is derived from the predecessors 550 Spyder, 914/6 and 718 racing cars.

　　Boxster concept car is equipped with Porsche’s first mass-produced water-cooled horizontally opposed six-cylinder engine, with an initial displacement of 2.5 liters and a maximum power of 204 HP. Because of the water cooling system, four valves and variable intake timing, its design meets more stringent emission standards. The car’s innovations also include a balanced weight distribution, a quick-opening movable roof, a braking system derived from racing, and the best drag coefficient (Cd=0.31) in its class.

　　The research and development work is in full swing. According to Grant Larson, the designer in charge of Boxster concept car, "We originally planned to show our concept car at the Geneva Motor Show in the spring of 1993. But we decided to choose Detroit in January because we didn’t want to waste any time. More importantly, our focus on sports cars was on the American market, when Porsche did not perform well in the American market. Mazda Miata and BMW Z1 have already appeared in the market. "

　　The Boxster concept car unveiled at Detroit Auto Show was very popular. "Boxster received overwhelming praise from the public and experts, which obviously had an impact on development," Grant Larson continued. "Shortly after the exhibition in Detroit, we were asked to stop the design and development of Boxster immediately, and instead, we were asked to produce it as a concept car!" Time has proved that this is a wise decision.

　　In October 1996, Porsche Boxster was officially released, which filled the gap of entry-level models below 911. It is worth mentioning that Boxster is not only manufactured in Zuwenhausen factory in Stuttgart, but also subcontracted to Valmet company in Finland, which is the first time that Porsche models have been produced outside Germany since the early Austrian factory.

　　The Paper reporter Yang Yang

　　The rumors of Alibaba Group coaching change have landed.

　　On June 20th, Zhang Yong, Chairman and CEO of Alibaba Holding Group, announced through a full letter that the brand-new business cluster of Ali 1+6+N has basically taken shape, the boards of directors of various business groups have started to operate, and the listing and financing plans of multiple businesses have also been carried out. The holding group will mainly assume the role of innovation incubation base camp.

　　At the same time, Zhang Yong announced that the complete spin-off of Alibaba Cloud Intelligent Group has started, and it is in the most critical period of upward development, so we must devote ourselves wholeheartedly. At the same time, in order to adapt to the future development norms and requirements, it is not appropriate for him to serve as chairman and CEO of the two companies at the same time. With the approval of the Board of Directors of Alibaba Holding Group, Zhang Yong will step down as Chairman and CEO of the Board of Directors of Alibaba Holding Group on September 10th this year. After that, Zhang Yong will be the full-time chairman and CEO of Alibaba Cloud Intelligent Group, focusing on the development of Alibaba Cloud, continuously enhancing Alibaba Cloud’s industrial competitiveness and global competitiveness, and allowing Alibaba Cloud to provide better, safe and convenient basic services for the digital intelligence upgrade of various industries, especially small and medium-sized enterprises.

　　At the same time, with the approval of the board of directors of Alibaba Holding Group, Cai Chongxin, executive vice chairman of the group, will be the chairman of the board of directors of Alibaba Holding Group; Wu Yongming became the CEO of Alibaba Holding Group and continued to serve as the chairman of Taotian Group.

　　On June 20th, Zhang Yong officially started the handover with Cai Chongxin and Wu Yongming.

　　This year is the sixteenth year that Zhang Yong has worked in Ali. Zhang Yong joined Ali as the CFO of Taobao in 2007, became the CEO of Alibaba Group in May 2015, and became the Chairman of the Board of Directors of Alibaba Group in September 2019. Since December last year, he also served as the president of Alibaba Cloud Intelligent, and was directly in charge of nailing.

　　Jack Ma, founder of Alibaba Group, spoke highly of Zhang Yong. In 2019, when Ma Yun stepped down as the chairman of Ali’s board of directors, he published an open letter, in which he wrote, "(Zhang Yong) has demonstrated outstanding business talent and firm and calm leadership since he became the CEO of Alibaba Group, and achieved healthy and sustained growth in Alibaba’s performance for 13 consecutive quarters."

　　"Alibaba’s relay torch was handed over to him and the team he led. I think this is the most correct decision I should make now. My cooperation and cooperation experience with Zhang Yong in recent years has made me full of confidence in him and the new generation of Alibaba leadership team he led! "

　　For the new successor, Zhang Yong also expressed his support in an open letter. He wrote, "Cai Chongxin (Joe C.
Tsai) will succeed me as Chairman of the Board of Directors of Alibaba Group, Eddie Yongming.
Wu) will succeed me as CEO of Alibaba Group. Both of them are founders and partners of Alibaba. They have made important contributions to the historical development of Alibaba Group and have rich experience. I believe that under their leadership, the company can move towards a more brilliant future. "

　　Cai Chongxin is Ma Yun’s most trusted entrepreneur and is currently the executive vice chairman of Ali Group. From the establishment of the company in 1999 to 2013, he served as CFO of the group, and in 2014 he led the company to go public in new york, and then he was responsible for strategic investment.

　　Wu Yongming has served as the chief technology officer of many important businesses such as B2B, Taobao and Alipay, and led the construction of the underlying technical architecture of related businesses. Led the creation of the group’s core business, Ali Mama Platform, and the innovation hatched the mobile phone Taobao, which promoted the wireless of the group.

　　More than two months ago, Alibaba announced the establishment of a "1+6+N" organizational structure, that is, under Alibaba Group, six business groups and a number of business companies were established, including Alibaba Cloud Intelligent, Taobao Tmall Business, Local Life, International Digital Business, Rookie and Big Entertainment.

　　According to the "listing timetable" of Alibaba Group’s sub-board, Alibaba Cloud will be split up and listed independently in the next 12 months, and Cainiao and Box Horse will be listed within one and a half years, and the international digital business group will start external financing.

　　It is worth noting that some media reported that in late May, Ma Yun called the business leaders of Taotian Group and held a small-scale communication meeting. Dai Shan, CEO of Taotian Group, Hai Wang (flower name: Qigong), Liu Peng (flower name: Aowen) and Liu Yiman (flower name: Yiman), the head of Taobao live broadcast, Cheng Daofang (flower name: Daofang) were present.

　　Ma Yun said at the meeting that the methodology that Ali used to rely on for success may no longer be applicable and should be quickly changed. He pointed out three directions for Taotian Group: returning to Taobao, returning to users and returning to the Internet. In addition, Ma Yun believes that Taotian should be further flattened in organization.

　　Attached:

　　Zhang Yong, Chairman and CEO of Alibaba Group, sent a full letter on June 20.

　　Dear Ali people,

　　Since I became the CEO of Alibaba Group in May 2015, I have always written several letters to you every year. Maybe everyone is used to it. When you see the letter I sent to all employees, you will know that there are important changes in the company. I wrote to you again today, which brought you an important change about myself.

　　Since the "1+6+N" organizational reform was announced in March this year, all the work is progressing smoothly and orderly. When the financial report was released last quarter, we announced the composition of the boards of directors of various business groups, and at present, all the boards of directors have started to operate. We also announced a number of plans for various business groups and business units, including the complete spin-off and listing of Cloud Intelligence Group from Ali Group, the listing of Cainiao Group and Box Horse, and the independent financing of overseas digital business groups. The whole Alibaba is heading for the future with a new attitude.

　　As we all know, the development of core technologies such as cloud computing, big data and artificial intelligence will bring great changes to society, which is of great strategic significance. At present, the complete spin-off of Cloud Intelligence Group has started, and it is at the most critical moment, which requires me to devote myself to it. At the same time, considering the requirements of standardized corporate governance during the spin-off, I personally should no longer be the chairman and CEO of both groups. Therefore, the board of directors of Alibaba Group discussed and accepted my request: from September 10, 2023, I will no longer serve as the chairman and CEO of Alibaba Group, but concentrate on doing the work of chairman and CEO of Alibaba Cloud Intelligent Group full-time. At the same time, the board of directors of Alibaba Group decided that Cai Chongxin (Joe
C. Tsai) will succeed me as the chairman of the board of directors of Alibaba Group, Eddie Yongming.
Wu) will succeed me as CEO of Alibaba Group. Both of them are founders and partners of Alibaba. They have made important contributions to the historical development of Alibaba Group and have rich experience. I believe that under their leadership, the company can move towards a more brilliant future.

　　This change is not only for the company, but also for me personally, which is the beginning of another new stage and a new journey. How time flies! This year is my sixteenth year in Ali. I have been traveling together for 16 years, especially since I took over as CEO of the Group in 2015 and Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Group in 2019. It is precisely because of your trust, support, encouragement and tolerance that I have devoted myself to this position that I never imagined. I am sincerely grateful and grateful to you. In the past 16 years, because of the opportunity of social progress and market development, I have the honor to witness the historical stage of Alibaba’s rapid development with you, and participated in many creations that have benefited ordinary people’s lives from scratch, from small to large, from the digital process of enterprises to the beautiful society; Together with all of you, we have withstood the challenges of COVID-19 epidemic in recent three years and various tests brought by external environmental changes. No matter in good times or bad times, we not only grew up together, experienced together and spent together, but also gained a lot of friendship and friendship more valuable than our career.

　　In the past 24 years, we have had many such moments of self-change. Now, we all stand at a new starting point together and start a new stage of future development through self-transformation. I believe that everyone will support the work of Joe and Wu Yongming and other senior students in the new group. Everyone can find their own stage and their own career, and finally contribute to society, achieve the company and achieve themselves. I will also stand on a brand-new stage with the students of Cloud Intelligence, and explore the new technologies of cloud computing, big data and artificial intelligence to serve the huge prospect of digitalization and intelligence in thousands of industries. I am full of longing and expectation for this.

　　Castle peak will not change, green water will flow forever, create a new river and lake, meet again, and be happy!

　　Zhang Yong (Xiaoyao Zi)

　　Chairman and CEO of Alibaba Group Board of Directors

　　Chairman and CEO of Alibaba Cloud Intelligent Group

　　June 20, 2023

No.3388 Cultural Industry Review

The blue word cultural industry reviews above the point pay attention to and star the standard.

China has great etiquette, so it is called summer; The beauty of the service seal is called China. From the color aesthetic orientation of traditional clothing in past dynasties, we can also see the cultural connotation of Chinese nation. The simplicity and naturalness of costumes in the Han dynasty were popular in Xuan, Chi, White and Green. In the Tang dynasty, the costumes were wrongly painted with gold, which was popular in crimson, crimson, bright yellow and turquoise; In Song Dynasty, the costumes were graceful and elegant, and were popular in light red, pearl white, light blue and light yellow. In the Yuan Dynasty, the costumes were golden and colorful, and they were popular in gold, Mongolian blue, grayish brown and green. Ming Dynasty costumes were luxurious and dignified, popular with scarlet, sapphire blue, grape purple and grass green; In the Qing Dynasty, the costumes were in full bloom, and apricot yellow, vermilion, azure and pale blue were popular. I can’t wait. Come and enjoy the popular colors of costumes in various dynasties with the writing! A big wave of beautiful costume pictures and color palette rushes to you!

author　| Laishipu

read and edit　| Min Lu (Assistant Research Fellow, Sanchuan Huiwen Tourism Research Institute)

edit　| Chen Hongwei

source　| Guochao Museum

The text is 6605 words | Estimated reading time is 17 minutes.

Chinese clothes are the epitome of Chinese civilization.

The color of traditional clothing is influenced by the theory of yin-yang and five elements, which can be divided into two parts.Blue, red, black, white and yellowFive colors. Different colors advocated by different dynasties reflect their dynasty characteristics.

The President selected the six most representative dynasties in ancient China:Han, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, analyzed their popular clothing colors.

Let’s take a look at what these popular colors have with the introduction of the president ~

　

the Han Dynasty/the Han nationality/Chinese (language)/man

Features: simple and natural

Popular colors: Xuan, Red, White and Green.

In 206 BC, the Han Dynasty was founded.

Influenced by the Taoist technique of Huang Lao advocated in the early Han Dynasty and Confucianism advocated in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and later, the costumes of the Han Dynasty pursued the "essential beauty" of one integrated mass.

△ Eastern Han mural

The clothing colors in Han Dynasty are mainly monochrome and monochromatic, and they advocate dim colors, which are dignified, simple and natural.

Clothing in the Han Dynasty carries the idea of "rule by courtesy and orthodoxy", and the fabric dyeing follows the belief of Yin and Yang and the five elements, and it is noble in dark color and vulgar in light color.

Fashion colors in this period are dark black, red, green and white with low lightness.

　

△ Fuxi map in the tomb of Buqianqiu

　black

After the Han dynasty destroyed Qin, according to the theory of five elements, it took the meaning that Qin destroyed Zhou and water overcame fire, and advocated water virtue.

Shuide is dark black. In the early Han Dynasty, dark black was the noblest color.

△ Han dynasty straight clothes

In the Book of Changes, the source of China culture, dark black was elevated to the status of "Heaven" and was the mother of all colors.

In Taoist thought, this theory was further developed:

Thousands of worlds originated from "Tao", and "Tao" showed the color of black, so the colorful of thousands of worlds grew out of black.

△ Eastern Han mural

Since the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, considering the five emperors in ancient times, the order of dynasty change was five elements, so the water virtue was changed to fire virtue, and the red color was taken as the top service.

Therefore, red became the most popular color in the Han Dynasty.

Therefore, the dresses of the Han Dynasty showed the characteristics of alternating red and mysterious.

Red also pinned the Han people’s desire for enlightenment and immortality.

The emperors of the Han Dynasty were keen to seek immortality, and imitating immortals with costumes was the most typical form of expression.

Immortal costumes pay equal attention to inflammation and red, and show awe-inspiring and inviolable momentum.

Nobles in the Han Dynasty like to wear red clothes, trying to imitate the charm of immortals.

△ Han dynasty skirt

white

In the Han Dynasty, white was a color that civilians could wear, and it was also the most commonly used color in clothing collocation.

　

It is natural, unpolished, with the most extreme simplicity and simplicity.

△ Han Xizai’s "Night Banquet Map" Part

White, as the most common popular color in the Han Dynasty, can best represent the ordinary people’s perception and understanding of life in the Han Dynasty.

It not only presents the beauty of the color of the costumes in the Han Dynasty, but also reveals the unique gentleness, gentleness, tolerance and atmosphere of the people in the Han Dynasty.

　

△ Han Dynasty winding clothes

　

green

Nearly half of the figures in Han Dynasty murals, both men and women, were dressed in green clothes, which reflected the popularity of green in Han Dynasty.

△ Han Dynasty murals

There is a poem in The Book of Songs, which says, "I am a green girl, and I am in my heart.". "Gnome" is the collar, and "green Gnome" refers to "the man in green clothes", which shows that the green shirt is the representative of a beautiful image in people’s minds.

△ Han Dynasty murals

In the Han Dynasty, the status of green is second only to red and mysterious, and it is also a color available to civilians, so it gradually became the popular color of clothing in the Han Dynasty.

In addition, green has a sense of peace visually, which is in line with the charm of "purity" and "inaction" advocated in the study of Huang Lao advocated by the Han Dynasty, and is also in line with the beauty of "golden mean" in Confucianism.

△ Han Dynasty clothes

Tang Dynasty

　

Features: wrongly painted gold

Popular colors: crimson, crimson, bright yellow and turquoise.

Tang Dynasty’s clothing style is luxurious and elegant, with bright and bright colors, delicate and complicated patterns, and they like to use bright and contrasting colors to match, which embodies the characteristics of the inclusive and open era in Tang Dynasty.

In the Tang Dynasty, scarlet, bright yellow, crimson purple and turquoise were the most popular clothing colors.

△ Zhou Fang’s "Flower Lady’s Picture"

bright red

If the dynasty had color, Datang must be a delicate and charming color with red flowers and green willows.

Crimson is the most popular color in the Tang Dynasty, and it is often matched with the intermediate green, forming a huge contrast.

Women in this era pursue individuality, just as none of us want to bump shirts today.

△ Tang Zhangxuan’s "Mrs. Guo You Chuntu" part

Crimson color appears as the main color in the clothing of the Tang Dynasty, which is charming and dazzling. The warm color reflects the prosperity of the prosperous Tang Dynasty and is unforgettable at first sight.

△ Zhou Fang’s "Flower Lady’s Picture" Part

△ Zhou Fang’s "Flower Lady’s Picture" Part

dark reddish purple

Purple has always been the exclusive color of the nobility.

It is gorgeous, bright, pleasing to the eye, elegant and unconventional at the same time. It is loved by noble women in the Tang Dynasty and is often used in clothing collocation.

△ Princess Yongtai’s Tomb Mural

In the Tang Dynasty, crimson purple was often used to match with various colors.

In Zhou Fang’s "Picture of a Lady with Flowers", your daughter is dressed in a long red dress and covered with a purple-brown gauze blouse; It was draped in vermilion with a blue and white curly grass pattern. Purple shirt, red skirt and vermilion silk, balanced echo.

△ Zhou Fang’s "Flower Lady’s Picture" Part

bright yellow

In chromatography, yellow has the highest brightness, which is the color of the sun as the basis of life. It is bright and popular for a while.

In women’s clothing, it is the main color, with red, pink white, dark green, sapphire blue and other colors as harmony, which has the beauty of grandeur and blooming flowers.

△ Zhou Fang’s "Flower Lady’s Picture" Part

Pure and bright yellow is also respected by Buddhism, which is the sacred color of Buddhism. It is believed that it has the power to expel evil and is used by cassock.

In the period of Emperor Gaozong in the Tang Dynasty, it was considered that yellow was similar to the sun, and the sun was the symbol of the emperor. It was forbidden for officials and people to wear yellow, and ochre was designated as the special color for the emperor’s uniform.

dark green

Turquoise, as a popular color in clothing collocation in the Tang Dynasty, is often matched with scarlet, vermilion and white, and the colors contrast with each other and complement each other.

Turquoise, with its unique bright and fresh color expression, shows the vitality and vigor of the Tang Dynasty.

△ Tang Zhangxuan (biography) "Dao Lian Tu" (Song copy)

This three-color female figurine of Tang Dynasty, whose dress is mainly blue, green and yellow, is bright and natural in overall color.

△ Tang Sancai glazed pottery female figurines

the Song Dynasty; a surname

　

Features: graceful and elegant

Popular colors: light red, pearl white, light blue and light yellow.

The color characteristics of costumes in the Song Dynasty are simple and elegant, emphasizing the true colors and taking elegance as the priority.

The colors are on the high side, the purity is low, the application of contrast color is less, the colors are not as bright as before, and the color collocation is very harmonious.

Pale red, pearl white, light blue and light yellow are the favorite colors of Song people.

　light red

In Song Dynasty, the concept of "keeping justice and eliminating human desires" was emphasized, which suppressed human personality and restricted the color of clothing to the extreme.

In Song Dynasty, the colors of costumes were formal and conservative, and the colors were elegant and quiet. Even when using the most gorgeous red, they often used light red.

Ouyang Jiong once described a woman wearing a pomegranate skirt in He Ming Dynasty, which shows the graceful beauty: recalling the first meeting between flowers, the tea is half covered, and the makeup face is lightly turned. Pomegranate nepotism, so the delicate jade fingers are secretly twisted, double phoenix gold thread.

Song people don’t pursue the colorful flowers in the Tang Dynasty, but like to pursue changes in the same color system, and they prefer the elegance of white.

Besides pure white, I also like moon white, blue white, pearl white and pink white.

As Ge Zhaoguang said: "The Zhao and Song Dynasties are like the moonlight that can’t reach the full moon on the eighth day of the seventh day."

White is pure and moist, like moonlight and Song Dynasty.

Song people pay attention to "inner saints" in their costumes, and see their thoughts in details.

Song Renzong often wears a white round neck robe when he is in court. But it is not pure white, and it uses the color of silk thread to weave different patterns, making white rich in layers.

　

People often use "rubbing blue shirts and apricot skirts" to describe the temperament of Ya Song.

At the end of 19th century and the beginning of 20th century, Margaret Lide of Britain also called China "a country wearing blue robes", which reminded people of the sentence in the Book of Songs that "blue will be adopted in the end".

These four words are so peaceful and simple, but they are flying like a clean and blue dream.

Light blue was very popular in the Song Dynasty, and it was the closest to a modest gentleman like jade. The natural beauty of simplicity, gentleness and idleness was rich and radiant.

Praise simplicity and elegance, and follow the path of all things.

△ "Song Renzong’s Back Sitting"

Song Taizu and Zhao Kuangyin planned the mutiny in Chen Qiao, added a yellow robe and founded the Northern Song Dynasty.

"Yellow robe" or "yellow dress" is regarded as a symbol of the emperor’s power, and the history and service of Song Dynasty stipulates that ochre yellow and light yellow are the emperor’s special clothing colors.

Light yellow is used in women’s clothing, which naturally brings a little pride and beauty of a good family.

In Li Qingzhao’s ci, girls who "stop swinging and adjust their delicate hands carelessly", "see guests coming in, socks slip away" and "lean back against the door and smell their plums" should wear such a light yellow dress.

　

Yuan Dynasty (1206-1368)

　

Features: Gold and color are in harmony.

Popular colors: gold, Mongolian blue, grayish brown and emerald green.

The Yuan Dynasty is the most special era in ancient Chinese costumes, because it was a political power established by nomadic people in the northern grassland.

In the use of color, the Yuan Dynasty advocated nature aesthetically, and the popular colors were mainly gold, Mongolian blue, grayish brown and emerald green.

In the 13th century, Genghis Khan led Mongolian fighters and swept Europe and Asia with thunderous momentum.

Mongolian plateau gathers jewelry from all directions, gathers talents from all directions, and collects Chinese and foreign technology. Mongolian costumes have begun a new era of luxury and richness.

"Old clothes are inlaid with precious stones and pierced with gold ornaments" (The History of World Conquerors: Feini Zhi), which is characterized by elegance and jewels.

△ Yuanzu hunting map

In the Yuan Dynasty, the dignitaries loved weaving brocade and advocated using gold in their clothes to show their wealth and status.

The north is cold and short of water, and the surrounding colors are monotonous. Only the golden color like the sun’s rays brings a glimmer of life to people living in the local area.

△ Nashi braided robe in the period of ilhan State

Blue, called "Huhe" in Mongolian, is the color representing the Mongolians.

In the minds of Mongolians, blue symbolizes eternity, faithfulness and loyalty.

Early Mongolians liked blue and white, which is why blue-and-white blue-and-white porcelain flourished in the Yuan Dynasty.

△ Yuan Yan weaves the mandala after the Emperor.

In the primitive beliefs of Mongolians, they worship nature and the blue sky.

They believe that blue represents natural scenery, mountains and rivers, and symbolizes prosperity, beauty and verve.

Dark blue is the main color of men’s Mongolian robes.

Light blue and light blue Mongolian robes will also become the first choice for women in summer.

The Yuan Dynasty was a political power established by nomadic people, and animal fur was often used in costumes, so the colors were mostly gray taupe.

In addition, due to the strict grade requirements for clothing colors in the Yuan Dynasty, people are forbidden to wear bright colors such as brown yellow, willow green, red and white flashing colors, cockscomb purple, gardenia red and carmine.

Forced to be helpless, the color of folk costumes can only develop to taupe. Common colors are silver brown, tea brown, lilac brown and so on.

Green is a very special color. It is neither cool nor warm, and it belongs to the middle color.

As a nomadic people, Mongolians live by water and grass, advocating nature and respecting grasslands. As the main color of grassland, green has a special position in the minds of Mongolian people.

Therefore, green often appears as the main color of Mongolian robes.

In a place with four distinct seasons, seeing green is like seeing a rich grassland, giving people a sense of security, calmness and comfort.

Green environment means plenty of food and water, so the love for green has always been in the blood of Mongolian people.

bright

　

Features: luxurious and dignified

Popular colors: red, sapphire blue, grape purple, grass green.

In the Ming Dynasty, the Confucian moral thought of "propriety, music, benevolence and righteousness" was advocated, and the five colors were combined with "benevolence, virtue and goodness" and set as positive colors, which was a symbol of inferiority and rank.

Red, sapphire blue, grape purple and grass green are the most popular colors in Ming Dynasty.

△ Drawing a police map in the Ming Dynasty (partially) originated from "A General History of Clothing in China"

Clothing in Ming Dynasty inherited from Zhou and Han Dynasties and inherited from Tang and Song Dynasties. It has distinctive Chinese cultural characteristics and is a model of Chinese clothing, which has a wide and far-reaching influence on the clothing and aesthetics of later generations and neighboring countries.

The overall characteristics of Ming dynasty costumes are: paying attention to color matching, luxurious and dignified style, and strong sense of color layering.

In the Ming dynasty, fire was the king of the world, and the color was still red. As a positive color, red had a lofty position.

Red is a warm, impulsive and powerful color with the lowest frequency, longer wavelength and good diffraction ability in the visible spectrum.

　

△ Ming Dynasty big red dark flower yarn embroidered Yunhe square robe

　

In the visual sense, red has a strong spatial penetration ability, which is more eye-catching, and its color is like blood, which will form a visual sense of approaching.

The widespread use of red in the royal family shows the supremacy of the feudal ruling class.

△ Ming Dynasty big red makeup yarn cloud shoulder sleeve flying fish pattern gown (partial)

　

In the Ming Dynasty, the colors of the royal and noble costumes were bright and luxurious, mainly with high saturation colors such as big red, gold, yellow and crow green.

　

Since the Ming Dynasty, big red, as a symbol of life, enthusiasm, nobility and celebration, also known as China Red, has really penetrated into the context of Chinese culture.

△ Ming Xie Huan "Apricot Garden Elegant Collection"

In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the power of the ruling class was constantly weakened, people’s thoughts were gradually liberated, dyeing technology and dyes were developed unprecedentedly, and the colors of clothing were more gorgeous and bright, and there was a constant violation of color.

People began to use high-purity bright colors, among which blue with high saturation was particularly popular.

　

△ Ming Dynasty blue peony, miscellaneous treasure pattern, dark flower, silk weaving, gold makeup, Kirin filling women’s coat

In Chou Ying’s painting "The Map of Southern Metropolis" in the Ming Dynasty, scarlet and sapphire blue are the most conspicuous, and they set off each other and complement each other.

This painting also embodies the characteristics of colorful costumes in the middle and late Ming Dynasty.

　

△ Ming Chou Ying’s "Nandu Fanhui Volume"

　

The colors of folk costumes are mainly plain and elegant, and the colors commonly used by civilians are purple, green and light pink.

Purple is a combination of the coldest and warmest colors, which has a neutralization effect in clothing collocation. Therefore, purple is often the main color in civilian clothing, among which grape purple is the most popular.

In "A Beautiful Picture of a Thousand Years", the depiction of women’s clothing boldly adopts grape purple, lake green and other colors.

The strong color contrast highlights the strong "female consciousness" and the desire to break through the tradition and express themselves.

　

△ Ming Anonymous "The Beautiful Picture of a Thousand Years"

Green is a common color for civilians in all dynasties. With the development of spinning and dyeing technology, the saturation and brightness of green in Ming Dynasty costumes are higher, which makes them look fresh and bright.

In the Ming dynasty, dignitaries also liked to use cyan, green, red, black and gold as the main auxiliary colors.

Green with high saturation, as a popular color in Ming Dynasty, can best reflect the working people’s love for life and tenacious vitality in this period.

△ "Entering the Map" (partially) originated from "General History of China Clothing"

clean

Features: A hundred flowers blossom.

Popular colors: apricot yellow, vermilion, azure and pale blue.

　

The Qing Dynasty is an era with the greatest change in the history of Chinese clothing.

On the basis of retaining the traditional elements of the national costume, the costumes of the Qing Dynasty absorbed the elements of the Han nationality, forming a unique costume culture in the Qing Dynasty.

The popular colors of clothing in Qing Dynasty are apricot yellow, vermilion, azure and cyan.

In Chinese traditional culture, yellow, as a neutral color, is the first in Baise.

In Qing Dynasty, yellow was regarded as the sunshine color, which was bright and warm, and it was also considered as the golden color, which was both rare and precious.

△ During the Kangxi period, bright yellow satin embroidered colorful clouds, golden dragon mink inlaid with dragon skin and men’s robes.

Except bright yellow for emperors and queens, other yellows were widely used in Qing dynasty costumes.

　

△ During the Jiaqing period, a bright yellow gauze embroidered with colorful clouds, bats, gold dragons and women’s robes were placed in the court.

Different shades of yellow, or dignified, or delicate, or expensive, or lovely, are the warmest and brightest colors in Qing Dynasty costumes.

　

In the Qing dynasty, from the royal family to the common people, they all liked red and blue clothes the most.

True red is exclusive to emperors and queens, and other red colors are commonly used in clothing.

　

△ During the Jiaqing period, the red satin embroidered colorful clouds and the golden dragon pattern dyed the silver mouse leather-trimmed man with a robe.

In the costume culture of the Qing Dynasty, red represents happiness, solemnity, auspiciousness and happiness, and is also a symbol of identity.

△ During the Kangxi period, the red brocade was connected with the stone blue inch python, and the satin was clipped to the skirt.

Girls in the Qing Dynasty are happy in red.

Young women’s clothes are mostly pink and silvery red, while older women are happy with vermilion and scarlet.

　

　

Cyan is one of the important colors of Qing Dynasty costumes, which is between blue and green, and has the characteristics of crispness and cleverness.

The common color of civilian women’s clothing is cyan, and the color tone varies with age and occasion.

Cyan symbolizes solemnity, strength and hope.

Traditional cyan has a unique artistic charm, which includes pink cyan, holly, bean cyan, azure and so on. These colors are widely used in Qing Dynasty costumes.

　

In the world of color aesthetics in Qing dynasty, blue is especially simple and elegant.

Among the blues, the lighter blue is called stealing basket, the heavier blue is called prison, the heavier blue is cyan, and the deepest blue is ultramarine.

△ During the Qianlong period, sapphire blue satin embroidered colorful clouds and golden dragon pattern men wore robes.

"Stealing baskets" comes from the color of the autumn sky.

This color, neither strong nor light, is like a girl’s grief, and it is a common color in young women’s clothing.

China was called Huaxia in ancient times, and it was named after its gorgeous clothes.

Looking at the leopard in the tube, we can also see the clothing aesthetics of each dynasty from it.

Natural, gorgeous, elegant, and elegant ….. all have their own charms.

Clothing culture is like a rhythmic life. By understanding its beating, we can grasp the pulse of the times.

The costume color of the Chinese nation, like Chinese and Chinese characters, has always flowed in the blood of the Chinese people and become a part of the cultural genes of the Chinese nation.

References:

[1] Yuan Xun. China clothing history [M]. Beijing: China Textile Press, 2005.

[2] Chen Qichang. The origin of color and color concept in ancient Chinese clothing [J]. Xi ‘an: Journal of Northwest Textile Institute of Technology, 2000. History Room of People’s Education Press. China Ancient History [M]. Beijing: People’s Education Press, 2003.

[3] Li Miaoling. China costumes of the past dynasties [M]. Taipei: Bailing Press, 1984.

[4] Huang Nengfu. General History of China Clothing [M]. Beijing: China Textile Press, 2007.

[5] Zhang Yuqi. Looking at China’s ancient color aesthetics from the philosophy of Yin-Yang and Five Elements [J]. Hangzhou: Art and Technology, 2014.

[6] Song Ge. On the changes of costume colors in Han Dynasty and their causes from archaeological data [J]. Cultural Relics of Central Plains, 2021(05):119-123.

[7] Xu Rui, Ma Danhua. Archaeological observation of costume color in Han Dynasty [J]. Journal of Henan University of Science and Technology, 2011.

[8] Chen Qingju. Looking at Tang Dynasty costume color design concept from figure painting [J]. Art Grand View, 2011(09):54-55.

[9] Cui Pixin. Analysis of clothing color and color concept in Tang Dynasty [J]. Liaoning Silk, 2006(02):33-34.

[10] Hua Wen. From the "Yu Fu Zhi" to see the Song Dynasty clothing color [J]. Popular literature and art, 2018(20):232-233.

[11] Su Wenhao. "Taboos and Breakthroughs"-Interpretation of Clothing Color Culture in Ming Dynasty [J]. Popular Colors, 2020(10):23-26.

[12] Su Ye. Research and Analysis of Clothing Color in Yuan Dynasty Based on Natural Color System [J]. Educational Modernization, 2019.

　　

1. Heavy polluted weather with PM2.5 as the primary pollutant is harmful to health.

Interpretation: Polluted weather refers to the phenomenon of air pollution caused by the accumulation of pollutants in the air under unfavorable meteorological conditions such as no wind, inversion and high humidity. Heavily polluted weather generally refers to the air pollution phenomenon that the air quality index is greater than 200, that is, the ambient air quality reaches the level of heavy pollution and above. Heavy polluted weather with PM2.5 as the primary pollutant is commonly known as "smog". When heavy pollution weather may occur, the local government will issue early warning information.

PM2.5 in the atmosphere is the general name of all particles with a diameter less than or equal to 2.5 microns, and its diameter is about one twentieth of that of hair. PM2.5 can stay in the atmosphere for a long time, is not easy to remove, and can adsorb a variety of harmful substances, easily inhaled into the deep respiratory tract, and some components can also enter the blood, which is harmful to human health.

At present, the sources and composition of PM2.5 are different in different regions of China. The main sources of PM2.5 include industrial emissions, coal-fired emissions, motor vehicle exhaust, garbage incineration, rural straw burning, construction and road dust. In addition, open-air barbecues, food cooking, forest fires and volcanic eruptions will also cause PM2.5 to accumulate in the air. Indoor PM2.5 is not only from outdoor air pollution, but also from indoor smoking and food cooking.

Second, the health hazards of heavily polluted weather include acute and chronic.

Interpretation: The acute harm of heavily polluted weather with PM2.5 as the primary pollutant is mainly manifested in symptoms such as cough, sore throat and eye irritation caused by inhaling pollutants in a short time. Heavy polluted weather can also induce acute attack or aggravation of chronic diseases such as bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Seek medical attention if necessary.

Chronic hazards mainly include the effects on respiratory system and cardiovascular system. According to the World Health Organization, long-term and persistent heavy polluted weather can increase the risk of respiratory diseases such as asthma, bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer and cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, coronary heart disease and stroke. Heavy polluted weather can also affect people’s mood.

Third, when there is heavy pollution weather, personal protection should be done.

Interpretation: The public should pay attention to the local heavy pollution weather forecast and early warning information.

In case of heavily polluted weather, the exposure should be reduced as much as possible, and the main measures include:

1. The public should reduce outdoor activities.

2. Children, pregnant women, the elderly, patients with cardiovascular diseases and respiratory diseases should try to avoid outdoor activities.

3. Close the doors and windows in time, don’t smoke indoors, in addition, avoid cooking and other behaviors that may aggravate indoor air pollution. If no new fan is installed indoors, try to avoid the peak period of pollution according to the local air pollution situation, and open the window for ventilation once or twice a day for 10-20 minutes each time. If there are many people in the room and the space is small, the number of windows should be increased appropriately.

4. If conditions permit, air purification equipment can be used.

5. If you have to go out, you should minimize the time and intensity of outdoor activities and wear qualified masks; Wash your face and bare skin when you come back from going out.

Fourth, the correct choice and wearing of masks can reduce the impact of PM2.5 on human health.

Interpretation: The standard mask has good protective performance, which can effectively filter or block PM2.5 and greatly reduce the inhalation of harmful substances. When going out, it is recommended to give priority to masks marked with GB/T 32610-2016 standard.

Pay attention to wearing a mask correctly:

1. Ensure that the mask has a good fit with the face and does not leak.

2. It is suggested that the elderly, children and other special groups should choose masks with better comfort under the guidance of professionals or family members.

3. If the worn mask needs to be used again, it should be dried and put into a clean bag for collection.

4. Wear and replace the mask in strict accordance with the instructions for use.

Fifth, the correct use of air purification equipment is conducive to reducing the concentration of indoor PM2.5.

Interpretation: In heavily polluted weather, you should stay indoors as much as possible. When closing doors and windows, using air purification equipment is conducive to reducing the indoor PM2.5 concentration. Air purifier is a common air purification equipment. If conditions permit, especially in crowded places, we can consider installing new fans with high-efficiency filters.

When purchasing air purifiers, we should pay attention to selecting air purifiers that meet the national standards (GB/T 18801-2015 "Air Purifiers"), mainly referring to two types of indicators, namely, clean air volume (CADR) and cumulative purification volume (CCM). The applicable area of the purifier can be estimated by multiplying the particle CADR value by 0.1 (for example, the applicable area of an air purifier with a particle CADR of 300m3/h is about 30m2). The CCM value reflects the service life of the purification parts (the greater the CCM value, the longer the replacement or cleaning cycle of the purification parts).

Use the air purifier in strict accordance with the instruction manual, and pay special attention to:

1. The room should be closed as far as possible, and the periphery of the purifier should not be blocked, so as not to affect the air inlet and outlet.

2. First turn on the highest gear to purify the air quickly, and then use the silent gear to maintain the purification effect.

3. Open the window in time for indoor and outdoor air exchange.

4. The purification parts should be replaced or cleaned regularly according to the instruction manual.

6. Everyone should start from himself, save energy, care for the environment and reduce PM2.5 emissions.

Interpretation: Environment and health are closely related. Many diseases suffered by human beings are caused by environmental pollution, including air pollution. Protecting the environment means protecting human health. Reducing the harm of air pollution requires the joint efforts of the whole society. Everyone has the responsibility of caring for environmental sanitation and protecting the environment from pollution, and should actively cooperate with the state’s ecological environmental protection work and make contributions to preventing the harm of air pollution. Abide by the laws and regulations on environmental protection, abide by the social morality of paying attention to hygiene, consciously develop good habits of saving resources and not polluting the environment, and strive to create a clean, comfortable, quiet and beautiful environment. Advocate the use of public transportation, bicycles and other green modes of travel, prohibit indoor smoking, prohibit burning straw and garbage, reduce open-air barbecues and fireworks, adhere to a simple and moderate, green and low-carbon lifestyle, and oppose extravagance and waste and unreasonable consumption.

Treating heavily polluted weather scientifically and rationally and adhering to a healthy and civilized lifestyle are beneficial to physical and mental health. For more information about personal protection in heavily polluted weather, please consult the official websites of National Health and Wellness Commission, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention and China Health Education Center.

　　Policies to optimize epidemic prevention and control have been introduced in various places.

　　The Paper reporter noted that the Yangtze River Delta region has recently announced many party and government organs at all levels as an example, taking the lead in no longer checking negative nucleic acid certificates.

　　According to the news of "Zhejiang Publishing" WeChat WeChat official account on December 17th, the reporter learned from the meeting of the leading group for epidemic prevention and control in COVID-19, Zhejiang Province held on December 17th that the meeting was clear: advocate "don’t do nucleic acid unless necessary, and don’t check the nucleic acid certificate unless necessary".

　　Zhejiang said that in addition to nursing homes, welfare homes, nurseries, primary and secondary schools and other places, in order to facilitate the masses to do things, party and government organs, enterprises and institutions at all levels in the province took the lead and no longer checked negative nucleic acid certificates. At the same time, the layout, scale and efficiency of the existing convenient nucleic acid sampling points remain unchanged, which is convenient for people in need to carry out nucleic acid testing.

　　Before Zhejiang, Hefei, Wuhu and other places in Anhui had introduced similar policies.

　　On the afternoon of December 15th, Yu Aihua, member of the Standing Committee of Anhui Provincial Party Committee and secretary of Hefei Municipal Party Committee, presided over the 139th video conference on epidemic prevention and control in the whole city. Hefei leaders Cheng Xuetao, Shan Hu, Liu Weibao and He Fengyang attended.

　　The meeting pointed out that at present, it is necessary to closely focus on serving people with fever symptoms, do a good job in prevention and control, take multiple measures and make preparations, and make every effort to ensure a safe, stable and orderly peak of the epidemic. According to the analysis of relevant experts, "the later the infection time, the smaller the possibility of serious illness." Therefore, the cadres of party member in the whole city should adhere to the duty of guarding the land, be responsible and do their duty, and let the cadres "suffer more" and let the masses "suffer less".

　　Among them, it is required to implement "two no inspections". First, for the convenience of citizens, party and government organs, enterprises and institutions at all levels in the city took the lead in not checking negative nucleic acid certificates. Second, in order to facilitate the public to see a doctor and ensure that all kinds of critically ill patients are treated in time, all medical institutions in the city will no longer check negative nucleic acid certificates.

　　According to "Wuhu Municipal People’s Government issued" WeChat WeChat official account news, on December 16th, the reporter learned from the Municipal Epidemic Prevention Office that Wuhu continued to optimize epidemic prevention measures. From now on, for the convenience of citizens, party and government organs, enterprises and institutions at all levels in the city will take the lead in not checking negative nucleic acid certificates.

　　On December 16th, "Ma ‘anshan Publishing" WeChat WeChat official account also published a message: On December 16th, the reporter learned from the Municipal Epidemic Prevention Office that from now on, party and government organs, enterprises and institutions at all levels in the city will no longer check negative nucleic acid certificates for the convenience of citizens.