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Recently, some media reported that the United States and Russia reached an agreement in principle to freeze their respective nuclear warhead inventories, and the United States also hopes to set an upper limit on the number of nuclear warheads. However, Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Ryabkov responded on 14th that Russia could not accept the US position on freezing nuclear arsenals. What is the purpose of the United States to set a ceiling on the number of nuclear warheads? What impact will this move have on the future fate of the new Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty?

American intercontinental missiles are equipped with nuclear warheads.

During the Cold War, there was a nuclear arms control with a ceiling.

It is no stranger to voluntarily freeze the size of nuclear arsenals and set a ceiling. This kind of move occurred during the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. The first stage of negotiations on the limitation of offensive strategic weapons (SALT-I) between the United States and the Soviet Union contained the content of limiting the upper limit of their respective strategic weapons. For example, the United States has 1,054 intercontinental ballistic missiles (when SALT-I negotiations were concluded), and the Soviet Union has 1,398 intercontinental ballistic missiles, which are limited to 1,618. There are 600 submarine-launched ballistic missiles in the United States, limited to the upper limit of 710, while the Soviet Union has 950, and the upper limit is 950. There are 37 strategic missile nuclear submarines in the United States, and the upper limit is limited to 44, while the Soviet Union has 63. Instead, it is necessary to cut one and limit it to 62. The United States and the Soviet Union did not impose restrictions on strategic bombers. At the same time, the negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union at this stage also restricted and restrained strategic defensive weapons, and the ABM Treaty signed during the SALT-I negotiations made some positive contributions to maintaining strategic stability between the United States and the Soviet Union.

However, SALT-I is not a disarmament agreement in a positive sense. The United States and the Soviet Union aim at limiting each other’s arms expansion, with emphasis on control and restriction. As far as the United States is concerned, the achievement of SALT-I provides space for the United States to spare time and energy to improve the quality level of strategic deterrence. For example, the existing Trident missile and B-1 bomber in the United States are all developed during the relaxation period after the conclusion of SALT-I by the United States and the Soviet Union. As far as the Soviet Union is concerned, the number of nuclear weapons in the Soviet Union in the late 1960s was basically equal to that in the United States, and the use of the salt-I relaxation period can also improve the quality of nuclear weapons for the Soviet Union and accumulate capital for future confrontation with the United States.

Russian "Jarls" road mobile intercontinental missile.

During the three years from 1977 to 1979, the United States and the Soviet Union continued to negotiate the second stage of strategic offensive arms limitation (SALT-II). The main purpose of SALT-II was to implement the temporary agreement and related temporary constraints reached in SALT-I negotiations before, and form a real strategic arms limitation treaty. The negotiation result was that the United States and the Soviet Union signed the Treaty on Strategic Offensive Arms Limitation. As can be seen from the name, the arms control agreement reached by the United States and the Soviet Union at this stage is still based on restrictions, rather than real disarmament and reduction.

For example, according to the content of the treaty, when the United States and the Soviet Union negotiated, the United States owned 2,142 strategic projection weapons, including land-based intercontinental ballistic missiles, sea-based submarine-launched ballistic missiles and strategic bombers, and the Soviet Union owned 2,318, and the United States and the Soviet Union were unified and limited to 2,250. The emergence of multi-warhead technology was the focus of technical attention between the United States and the Soviet Union in that period. The land-based multi-warhead missiles and sea-based multi-warhead missiles of the United States and the Soviet Union have also been restricted. At the time of negotiation, the United States had 1,046 land-based and sea-based submarine-launched missiles capable of carrying multiple warheads, and the Soviet Union had 588 land-based and sea-based submarine-launched missiles capable of carrying multiple warheads, which was limited to 1,200 according to the treaty. The technological capabilities of the United States and the Soviet Union, including the number of nuclear weapons, reached a peak in the Cold War before and during the SALT-II negotiations. The two countries were aware of the restrictions on strategic offensive weapons, but this restriction set an upper limit. Specifically, both SALT-I and SALT-II set an upper limit on the number of strategic offensive weapons of the other side, such as multi-warhead missiles. The upper limit set by SALT-II gave the Soviet Union room to continue to develop and increase multi-warhead missiles.

Russia has accelerated the modernization of nuclear weapons in recent years. The picture shows the newly developed "sarmat" liquid intercontinental missile.

What are the considerations for the United States to set a nuclear ceiling?

There are certain historical reasons for the SALT-I and SALT-II negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War. For example, the United States was mired in the Vietnam War in the 1960s and 1970s, and its domestic economy was dragged down to some extent. In order to confront the United States in the Cold War, the Soviet Union neglected the livelihood economy, and the problems of the livelihood economy emerged in the early 1970s. In 1971, the ninth five-year plan for the Soviet economy formulated at the 24th Congress of the CPSU was not completed, and the production efficiency of consumer goods for the people’s livelihood was low. The domestic economic situation of the United States and the Soviet Union is not optimistic, and the two countries need to reduce the negative impact of the arms race on the economy. In addition, the technical level of strategic weapons of the two countries has been continuously broken, and both countries have strategic intentions to restrict the development of their opponents. However, the strength of the two countries is equal, and it is difficult to reach a mutually acceptable reduction agreement in a short time. Therefore, under the circumstances that it is difficult to achieve arms reduction in a short time and the prospect is uncertain, setting an upper limit and voluntarily freezing can not only achieve some restrictions on the other side, but also leave room for the development and operation of armaments. Restricting nuclear armaments has become the main manifestation of nuclear arms control behavior in the pre-cold war period between the United States and the Soviet Union.

Salt-I and Salt-II didn’t help to reduce armaments, but to a certain extent put a brake on the strategic arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union. The confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union still drives them to expand their strategic arms capabilities. It was not until the middle and late 1980s that the nuclear arms control between the United States and the Soviet Union began to transform into real reduction.

Now the United States and Russia are discussing freezing the number of nuclear warheads, and the United States proposes to set the upper limit of nuclear warheads, which is actually similar to the consideration of the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War. On the one hand, both the United States and Russia have increased their investment in the development of strategic weapons in recent years. A series of new types of strategic weapons have been put into use in Russia, and the United States is also upgrading the modernization level of its nuclear arsenal and implementing nuclear expansion. The continuous withdrawal and breach of the contract by the United States has also undermined the strategic stable relationship between the United States and Russia. The prospect of the new Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty is worrying. Since it is difficult to reach an effective consensus on further reductions in the future, trying to freeze and set a ceiling is a move to build minimum mutual trust and ease the tension in strategic competition between the United States and Russia.

American B-61 nuclear bomb.

In addition, the US election is approaching. If the Trump administration throws out the idea of limiting and freezing the number of nuclear weapons at this time, it does not rule out that it is a consideration to alleviate its overly radical unilateralist security policy in the past four years and improve the image of Trump’s arms control saboteur. It is less than a month before the US election. If Trump wins the re-election, the upper limit of the number of nuclear weapons between the United States and Russia envisaged by the United States will actually provide flexible space for the United States to upgrade its nuclear arsenal and adjust the number of different nuclear weapons in the future. This is quite similar to the fact that although the United States and the Soviet Union conducted nuclear arms control in the middle period before the Cold War, the number of nuclear weapons became more and more controlled, and the nuclear weapons and equipment became more and more advanced. The United States intended to set a ceiling, which was tantamount to providing development space for the US nuclear arms expansion in disguise.

With the approach of the general election, the policy ideas of the two presidential candidates in the United States have gradually become clear, and Trump and Biden have different attitudes towards arms control. Trump, as always, emphasized "withdrawing from the treaty" for nuclear arms expansion, while Biden said that if elected, he would extend the new Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, reconsider returning to the Iranian nuclear deal in full compliance, shrink the Trump administration’s nuclear arms expansion plans, such as developing new nuclear warheads and new nuclear vehicles, and carefully consider the role of nuclear weapons. No matter who dies in the final US election, whether Trump continues to spoil the game or Biden makes up for it, the negative impact of the Trump administration’s destruction of international social security and stable relations between major powers in the past four years will be difficult to eliminate in a short time.

(The author is a postdoctoral fellow at Tsinghua University Institute of Social Sciences, studying arms control and national security.)

CCTV News:There are two veterans in the flood fighting team in Furong Dun Town, pengze county City, Jiangxi Province. One is from Shenyang, Liaoning Province, and the other is from Zunyi, Guizhou Province. They had all retired from the army at home, but when they saw the news of the flood in Jiangxi, they came to Jiangxi for flood fighting.

Wang Xiyuan, 69, from Shenyang, Liaoning Province, has more than 20 years of military career. Wang Fei, 34, is also a retired soldier from Zunyi, Guizhou. After watching the news of floods in Jiangxi on TV, the two men made a decision — — Come to Jiangxi to support flood fighting.

Wang Xiyuan, a 69-year-old veteran with more than 20 years of military career.

Wang Fei, a 34-year-old retired soldier.

After they met in Hukou County, Jiangxi Province, they learned that the flood in Pengze was very serious, so they took a bus to Furong Dun Town in Pengze. The night they first arrived, they encountered a piping emergency.

Furong Dun Town is one of the worst-hit places in Pengze this time. They have been guarding the levee with local cadres and masses to participate in emergency rescue, plugging and strengthening the dam.

Now, although the local flood control situation has eased, they have not left. When the reporter asked about their next plan, they all said that the flood would not retreat and they would never retreat.

    In September, the "green gauze tent" filled the vast central Hebei plain, and the waterfall river in Xushui District of Baoding City, Hebei Province shuttled through it like a blue belt, flowing silently at the foot of Taihang Mountain, and meandering eastward into the algae pond on the westernmost side of Baiyangdian Lake.

    Overlooking the waterfall river, the water plants are swaying and the fish are shuttling. The breeze started at first, and the small waves jumped, which inadvertently alarmed a group of egrets foraging in the shallows. They flew up and then fell.

White spoonbill in waterfall river shoal

    Overlooking the mountains, the trees are lush and green, and the lakes and mountains are staggered and picturesque.

   Puhe Reservoir "Rebirth" with Water to Continue Homesickness

    Puhe Reservoir, located in Puhe Township, Xushui District, is the main stream reservoir of Puhe River, which was founded in 1958. Among the Eight Scenes of Xu Shui recorded in xushui county Xinzhi, there are three waterfalls, namely "Qingxi printing the moon", "watching fish on the bank" and "Changhong sunset". In 1980s, the reservoir area collapsed one after another, and the reservoir water decreased sharply every year. By 2008, the Puhe Reservoir had been exhausted. The beauty of water and grass is no longer there.

    Because of its remote location, harsh environment and backward infrastructure, the economy of the villages around Puhe Reservoir was once backward. "Young and middle-aged people go out to work, and most of the rest in the village are old people and women, with traditional agricultural cultivation as the main source of income." Mi Shiliang, secretary of the Party Committee of Puhe Township, said that the "presence" of Puhe Township in Xushui District at that time was very low.

Puhe Reservoir

    The ecological change of Puhe Reservoir began in 2018.

    Baoding, located in the hinterland of Beijing, Tianjin and xiong’an new area, is an important ecological barrier for Beijing, Tianjin and. In order to serve the construction of the new district, Baoding has launched an ecological defense war for Baiyangdian in an all-round way since 2018, and comprehensively implemented various comprehensive measures such as sewage treatment upgrading, rain and sewage diversion transformation, river ecological dredging, constructed wetland construction, abandoned mine restoration and treatment, and ecological water replenishment to promote the comprehensive management of the upper reaches of Baiyangdian. This has also revived the waterfall reservoir area that has been abandoned for more than 20 years.

    "The waterfall reservoir is connected to the main canal of the middle route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project and connected to the waterfall river channel. Since 2018, the reservoir has been diverting clean water from the South-to-North Water Transfer Project to replenish water for Baiyangdian." Li Liu, director of the office of Xushui District Water Conservancy Bureau, said that in 2020, the waterfall river was identified as the normalized recharge channel of Baiyangdian Lake, and since April 2018, the cumulative ecological recharge to Baiyangdian Lake has reached 450 million cubic meters.

    "On the day of water release, the reservoir was surrounded by people." Xi Xiaoxian, a villager in Jiecun Village, Puhe Township, still remembers the scene of water coming from the reservoir area. In her view, the water attracted not only filled the waterfall river, but also continued the homesickness of the villagers.

   Pollution control and greening, rare birds "in the same box"

    In order to "prevent a drop of sewage from flowing into Baiyangdian Lake", the Xu Shui Municipal Party Committee and District Government has been steadfast in tackling tough battles such as pollution control, ecological restoration and greening corridors.

    "The stable effluent of sewage treatment plants can meet the third-class water standard, which can be used for farmland irrigation and livestock drinking." According to Liu Jianjun, general manager of Xu Shui Sewage Treatment Plant, the effluent standards of all sewage treatment plants in Xushui District have reached the discharge standard of Daqing River core area, and the daily sewage treatment capacity is 30,000 cubic meters.

    Li Liu said that from 2017, the district will comprehensively establish a three-level river patrol management system at district, township and village levels, actively carry out the special action of "cleaning up the four chaos" in rivers, improve the full-time management team of reservoirs, carry out joint law enforcement of water conservancy, public security, environmental protection and neighboring township governments, and promptly investigate and deal with acts that endanger the safety of reservoirs and destroy the ecological environment.

    In addition, in recent five years, Xushui District has completed 80,900 mu of afforestation, focusing on the construction of high-speed high-speed rail corridor and 500-meter forest belt around xiong’an new area, and built a green ecological barrier in the upper reaches of Baiyangdian Lake. The ecology of the waterfall river is gradually improving.

    Wild birds are an ecological barometer. In recent years, more and more wild animals around the waterfall river have come from generation to generation.

    "In 2019, the waterfall reservoir attracted swans. In 2020, crested pheasants, kestrels, mallard ducks and spoonbills began to gather here; In 2021, a large number of geese migrated; In 2022, the national first-class protected animal Great Bustard appeared … "Shi Jianfang is a bird photographer. From the autumn of 2018 to the summer of 2022, more than 80 species of birds were photographed in the waterfall river, including more than 10 species of national first-class and second-class protected animals. He witnessed the increasing number of birds in the camera.

Great bustard on the bank of waterfall river

   The mountains and rivers are treated together, and the barren hills are "covered with green and golden"

    Landscape ecology is an organic whole, and there is a folk saying: "Planting trees on the mountain is equivalent to building a reservoir."

    Shilongshan is located in the northwest of Xushui District, separated from the Puhe Reservoir by a dike. Due to the disorderly mining in the early years, the mountain was broken and the vegetation coverage rate was less than 10%. Since 2011, Xushui District has started the ecological restoration of Shilongshan through government-enterprise linkage.

    "We have invested more than 3 billion yuan, and it took more than 10 years to raise this riddled mine from the original 10% greening rate to the current 80%." According to Shi Jianguo, the person in charge of ecological restoration in Shilongshan, the project specially hired a team of experts from Chongqing to issue a mountain restoration plan, which greatly reduced the risk of geological disasters such as landslides, mudslides and dangerous rock collapses by cutting slopes and reducing loads, lattice slope protection and anti-slide piles, and fully combined with the trend of mountain topography, selected suitable vegetation types and reshaped the ecological environment.

    After 10 years of mountain management, the "scar" faded, and the barren hills were covered with green, quietly painting an ecological picture of green mountains surrounded by water and green waters.

    Nowadays, Shilongshan has not only become the ecological barrier of the waterfall river, but also become a leisure and holiday resort with the 8,000-mu waterfall river reservoir, including agricultural formats such as land grain painting and vegetable art garden, recreational formats such as caravan camps, unpowered parks and homestays, as well as labor and practical education bases for primary and secondary school students.

   Ecological resources become rich capital, and the integration of agriculture and tourism unlocks rural revitalization.

    The waterfall river ecosystem has gradually formed, and the local government has begun to introduce social capital and high-quality projects to explore green growth points and promote the integration of agriculture and tourism.

    On the south bank of the reservoir area, Baoding Haojing Tourism Development Co., Ltd. relies on the good ecology of Shilong Mountain and waterfall river to vigorously develop agricultural industrial clusters and develop green ecological products with local characteristics, such as Moushan dry valley, Busan millet and waterfall river sunflower oil crops. At the same time, the company actively cooperates with Hebei Agricultural University, a number of leading agricultural enterprises, livestock breeding enterprises, agricultural planting bases and family farms in various forms to promote the integrated development of agriculture and tourism.

    Industrial linkage development, stretching and improving related industrial chains, creating more business opportunities for local people and enhancing the economic value of the whole region.

    Mi Shiliang said that driven by leading enterprises, the employment problem of a large number of villagers around has been solved. With the increase of tourists, the villagers’ willingness to develop homestays and farmhouses has gradually increased. What makes Mi Shiliang more gratified is that he has recently received frequent consultation calls from investors. From the "small transparency" of "nobody cares", the waterfall river township has now become the "fragrant cake" in the eyes of everyone.

   The flourishing of landscape green culture leads to new kinetic energy for development.

    "The waterfall river with a long history is not only the old course of the Yellow River, but also known as Yishui in ancient times and belongs to Nanyishui. There are many cultural allusions and sites here. " According to Mi Shiliang, there are Yangshao Cultural Site, Busan Site of Huangdi Hefu, Chiyou Solitary Tomb of Hongtu Mountain and Yannan Great Wall Site around the Waterfall River.

    With the rejuvenation of the waterfall river, the waterfall river culture has once again entered the public eye. In December, 2021, Yannan Great Wall Site was selected into the list of "One Hundred Important Archaeological Discoveries in Hebei in a Hundred Years", which attracted a large number of cultural relics workers, historical and cultural enthusiasts and tourists to "punch in".

    The ecological restoration of the waterfall river has activated the historical context. On the other hand, the prosperity of culture has also injected new development momentum into the waterfall river. On September 8th, the Waterfall River Ecological Leisure Resort made a stunning appearance at the 5th Cultural and Tourism Industry Development Conference in Baoding, opening a new historical chapter.

    One son falls and is full of vitality. The ecological restoration of the waterfall river has revitalized the local agriculture and culture, created a "waterfall river ecological leisure resort" with rich landscape and rhyme, and promoted the integration and development of the "agricultural tourism" industry. The green mountains and green hills are changing to "Jinshan Yinshan".

　　The most worthwhile things to buy in Bali are local handicrafts, such as wood carving, stone carving and batik. If your wallet allows, you can also buy some works by local artists.

　　In Kuta, Denpasar, Nu Shadoa and other places, the price will be more expensive because of the large number of tourists. There are many villages in Bali that specialize in producing certain handicrafts, such as Mas and Sulu. Buying them in workshops is not only cheap, but also can witness the whole process of making these exquisite instruments. Ubud in Bali is the best place, and many handicrafts sold by shops in Kuta and other places are wholesale from here.

　　Special note:

　　1. You should bring enough cash to buy things in Bali. Most small shops with cheap prices do not accept credit cards, while the prices in large handicraft shops and duty-free shops are much more expensive.

　　2. Be careful that there are some artists near the tourist attractions who ask tourists for high prices and sell fake antiques.

　　CCTV News:Recently, the first fatal case of "Tesla Autopilot" car accident in China, the case of Tesla owner Gao Jubin, the father of the vehicle driver Gao Yanning who died in the accident, sued Tesla China Company, which made the latest progress after more than a year of difficult trial. Tesla finally confirmed that the vehicle was in an "automatic driving" state when the car accident occurred. This is only a small progress in this case, and the process of litigation still has a long way to go. So, what kind of traffic accident is this?

　　On January 20, 2016, a serious rear-end collision occurred in Handan section of Beijing-Hong Kong-Macao Expressway in Hebei Province. While driving in the first lane on the left, a white Tesla car ran into a road sweeper that was working ahead.

　　There were no brake marks before the collision.

　　In the process of handling the accident, the high-speed traffic police did not find any brake marks on Tesla cars before the collision. Combined with the on-site investigation and video data of driving recorder, after careful investigation, the high-speed traffic police department issued a letter of responsibility for this traffic accident.

　　Jia Weichuan, Director of Cixian Brigade Office of Hebei High-speed Traffic Police Handan Detachment: "The driver of the white Tuosule (Tesla) car did not take braking and avoidance measures when encountering the vehicle in front, which should be the main cause of the accident."

　　After being sent to two hospitals for emergency treatment, Gao Ya Ning, who was driving a Tesla sedan at that time, eventually died of his injuries and lost his 23-year-old life.

　　Gao jubin: "I always feel that the child died a little unjustly, and I have to find out the reason."

　　Analyze the driving video and infer it as "automatic driving"

　　Gao Jubin thought of the "automatic driving" function that his son had mentioned many times. After many experts were invited to study the video of the driving recorder, everyone unanimously speculated that it was precisely because Gaoyaning started the "automatic driving" function during driving and handed over the driving to the vehicle, and the "automatic driving" system failed to identify the vehicle in front, which eventually led to tragedy. Therefore, in July 2016, Gao Jubin sued Tesla’s sales company in China to the Chaoyang District People’s Court. Claim compensation for the loss of 10 thousand yuan.

　　Gao Jubin’s attorney, Wang Beibei.: "In fact, the amount of this compensation is not the purpose pursued by this case. We hope that through this case, it will have some social value and let the public know this ‘ Autopilot ’ The technology is flawed. Because of this immature technology, once you cause a vicious accident, it is a broken family like Mr. Gao. "

　　Both the defendant and the original witness to take out the data memory card.

　　On October 18, 2017, Gao Jubin finally waited for the day to test this Tesla car. After the accident insurance claims ended, Gao Jubin bought back the wreckage of this car from the insurance company and kept it in the garage. Now, the data stored in the car has become the most important basis for finding the truth of the accident for my son.

　　The plaintiff’s attorney, Guo Qing.When the garage door rose slowly, I stood at a distance of about two meters from the car. I saw that the car was exposed bit by bit, and it had crashed into powder, like a ferocious monster, and my heart was shocked.

　　Under the auspices of the judge and witnessed by both the original defendant and the defendant, the staff of Beijing CIMC Vehicle Judicial Appraisal Center inspected the vehicle. After more than a day, the appraisal agency completed the inspection of the vehicle and took out the memory card with the data of the vehicle driving state from the vehicle.

　　Get the data of memory card and send it to America.

　　After taking out this memory card, at the suggestion of the plaintiff’s attorney, both the original defendant and the defendant found a professional institution recognized by both parties and made a mirror copy of the contents of the memory card. The original defendant and the court each keep one copy. At this time, it is already January 2018, and it has been two years since the traffic accident occurred. After that, the data will be transmitted to the United States.

　　On February 26, 2018, the first Monday after the Spring Festival, several people came to the Tesla delivery center again and sent the data in the memory card back to the United States. The process of uploading is very simple. The judges put seals on the computers used for uploading and the doors and windows of the office where the computers are located to prevent people from entering. There are also surveillance cameras on the roof of the corridor.

　　Gao jubin’s wife Gao juhong: "At night, we still don’t feel at ease. The two of us are downstairs. Several of us took turns staring at it all night. Now I am afraid that even if there is a little hope, I want to have an explanation for my child, for fear that there are some loopholes and I am sorry for my child."

　　Interpretation of stored data was "automatic driving" at that time.

　　At two o’clock the next afternoon, the judge of Chaoyang court, the staff of the Judicial Appraisal Center of China National Aircraft Corporation and the original defendant came to this office again to check the return results. In response to the returned data results, Tesla engineers cooperated with the interpretation on the spot.

　　Gao jubin: "In the later period, at 2: 07 after repeated questioning, until the crash, what was the explanation of this letter? Finally, after repeated questioning, they told me that this was automatic driving, which finally proved that their son used automatic driving. There is also a data reading behind, and my son’s feet are still stepping on the brakes. I think it should be in the collision. When it is about to collide, it is estimated that the child found it, as if he wanted to brake with his feet. "

　　Gao Jubin told reporters that in April 2017, he had proposed to the court to adjust the amount of the claim from the original 10,000 yuan to 5 million yuan in response to Tesla’s prevarication and procrastination attitude in the previous litigation. At present, Gao Jubin’s lawsuit is still going on, and Tesla’s "automatic assisted driving" system is constantly updating and iterating.

　　Expert: There are five levels of autonomous driving technology.

　　According to Professor Yang Diange, director of the Department of Automotive Engineering in Tsinghua University, at present, the auto-driving technology of automobiles is mainly divided into five levels.

　　Yang Diange, Director of Automotive Engineering Department of Tsinghua University.: "The first-level and second-level autopilot can be regarded as a low-level autopilot, which is commonly known as the driver assistance system. At the third level, it is actually a man-machine co-driving, and at the fourth level, it is called conditional high-level autopilot. At the fifth level, it is completely unmanned."

　　According to Director Yang Diange, Tesla’s system should be at the level between the second and third levels.

　　Yang Diange, Director of Automotive Engineering Department of Tsinghua University.: "It should not be regarded as a very advanced automatic driving system. So from a technical point of view, it may be more appropriate to call it a driver assistance system. "

　　Car companies should have social responsibility to ensure safe use.

　　Director Yang Diange said that this requires automobile manufacturers to have a high sense of social responsibility.

　　Yang Diange, Director of Automotive Engineering Department of Tsinghua University."Automobile products are completely different from mobile phone products and computer products. It involves human life safety, and the requirements for its reliability are very high. Therefore, it is also very important to make great efforts, spend a lot of investment and do long-term tests in technology to ensure its safety, and at the same time let the people better understand, understand and use these technologies."