1. At this stage, who are the key groups for vaccination in Covid-19?
The epidemic situation of COVID-19 in China is different from that of foreign countries, and the vaccine use strategy is also different. The main strategy of vaccination in Covid-19 needs to be considered in combination with the domestic epidemic situation and prevention and control objectives. At present, the significance of vaccination for key populations, on the one hand, is to protect this group of people, on the other hand, it is conducive to "external defense input and internal defense rebound" and to the overall epidemic prevention and control in China.
At present, the key groups of vaccination in Covid-19 mainly include those who are engaged in imported cold chain, port quarantine, ship pilotage, air crew, fresh market, public transportation, medical disease control and other industries with high infection risks; People who go to middle and high risk countries or regions to work and study.
2. Is it necessary to vaccinate Covid-19 vaccine?
It is necessary. On the one hand, almost all people in China have no immunity against Covid-19, and they are susceptible to Covid-19. After the onset of infection, some people will develop into critical illness and even cause death. After vaccination, on the one hand, most people can gain immunity; On the other hand, through the orderly inoculation of Covid-19 vaccine, an immune barrier can be gradually established in the population to block the epidemic of COVID-19.
3. How to get the Covid-19 vaccine and where to get it?
Vaccination in Covid-19 is carried out in vaccination units approved by local health administrative departments. Usually, the inoculation unit is located in the health service center, township health center or general hospital in the jurisdiction. If vaccination involves some departments or enterprises with relatively concentrated key targets, some temporary vaccination units will be set up locally according to the situation.
The health administrative department or disease prevention and control institution in the jurisdiction will also announce the vaccination units that can carry out Covid-19 vaccination as required, including the location and service hours. Please pay attention to the relevant information release platform.
Vaccination of most key groups is organized by the unit where the key groups are located, making an appointment, and assisting in vaccination work. For individuals who go to work and study in high-risk countries or regions, they can pay attention to the relevant service information of vaccination in Covid-19.
4. What are the taboos for vaccination?
The taboo of vaccination refers to the situation that vaccination should not be given. Because most taboos are temporary, you can be vaccinated later when the situation that caused the taboo no longer exists.
Before Covid-19’s vaccination plan and vaccination guidelines are not specified, Covid-19’s vaccination taboo shall be implemented according to the vaccine instructions. Usually, the taboos of vaccination include: 1. Those who are allergic to vaccines or vaccine ingredients; 2. People suffering from acute diseases; 3. Those who are in the acute episode of chronic diseases; 4. Those who are having a fever; 5. Pregnant women.
Five, how to find and grasp the taboo of vaccination?
In the process of operation, if the first dose of vaccine causes serious allergic reaction, and it cannot be ruled out that it is caused by the vaccine, it is not recommended to vaccinate the second dose. To understand the ingredients of the vaccine, people who have been allergic to the ingredients of the vaccine in the past cannot be vaccinated.
At the time of vaccination, the vaccination doctor should carefully ask the health status and past allergic history of the recipient. The recipient should truthfully report the health status, disease history and allergy history to the vaccination doctor. Vaccine contraindications should be included in the informed consent form.
6. Don’t you need to wear a mask after Covid-19 vaccination?
Before the population immune barrier is established, even if some people are vaccinated, everyone’s awareness of prevention and control and prevention measures cannot be relaxed. On the one hand, the success rate of vaccine immunization is not 100%, and a small number of vaccinated people may get sick during the epidemic period. On the other hand, in the absence of an immune barrier, Covid-19 is still easy to spread. Therefore, you should continue to wear masks after vaccination, especially in public places and crowded places. Other protective measures, such as hand hygiene, ventilation and keeping social distance, also need to be maintained.
Seven, how to form group immunity in the population through vaccination?
The infectivity of different infectious diseases is different, and the immunity level of people who block the epidemic of infectious diseases is also different. Generally speaking, the stronger the infectivity of infectious diseases, the higher the population immunity is needed. For example, measles and whooping cough are highly contagious, and if they are to be stopped, the immunity of the population should reach 90%-95%; To eradicate smallpox and polio, the population’s immunity should reach above 80%. When the population’s immunity reaches the above threshold, an immune barrier is established to block the spread of measles, whooping cough, smallpox and polio.
Population immunity is directly proportional to vaccine protection efficacy and vaccination rate. Therefore, to achieve sufficient population immunity, it is necessary to have a high enough vaccination rate, that is, the vast majority of people are vaccinated. On the other hand, if there are many people who don’t vaccinate or most people don’t want to vaccinate, they can’t form a solid immune barrier, and when there is a source of infection, it is easy to spread the disease.
8. Does Covid-19 vaccine need a cold chain? How to ensure the safety and effectiveness of Covid-19 vaccine during transportation and storage?
Vaccine is a biological product. To ensure the quality of biological products, they must be stored and transported in the specified cold chain state. So should the Covid-19 vaccine. "Vaccine Management Law", "Vaccine Storage and Transportation Management Standard" and "Vaccination Work Standard" all have specific provisions on cold chain requirements for vaccine storage and transportation.
When transporting vaccines, vaccine transportation enterprises should regularly monitor and record the temperature during transportation to ensure that the vaccines are in the specified temperature environment. When the vaccine is received, the receiving unit shall ask for and check the temperature monitoring records during the transportation.
In the process of vaccine storage, disease control institutions and inoculation units use thermometers or automatic temperature recorders to monitor the temperature of the refrigerator where the vaccine is stored, and measure the temperature once every morning and afternoon (the interval is not less than 6 hours), and fill in the temperature record table of cold chain equipment.
During the use of the vaccine, the vaccination unit shall store the vaccine in the refrigerator and freezer (bag). When storing and taking the vaccine, the door/cover of the refrigerator and freezer (bag) shall be closed in time, and the frequency of opening the refrigeration equipment shall be reduced as much as possible.
All relevant units should strictly abide by the specification requirements of the above links, so that the vaccine can be in the whole cold chain state and the quality of the vaccine can be guaranteed.
9. What is the suspected abnormal reaction to vaccination? What situations are included?
Suspected adverse reaction to vaccination (AEFI) refers to the reaction or event suspected to be related to vaccination after vaccination, also known as suspected vaccine adverse reaction. Including the following situations: adverse reactions of vaccines, reactions related to vaccine quality problems, reactions related to vaccination errors, psychogenic reactions and coupling reactions.
X. What is the adverse reaction of vaccine?
Adverse reaction of vaccine refers to the unexpected or unrelated reaction caused by the characteristics of vaccine itself, which is related to the individual differences of recipients. Adverse reactions of vaccines include general reactions and abnormal reactions. General reactions mainly refer to the transient and slight body reactions of the recipients, such as local reactions such as redness, induration and pain at the inoculation site, and systemic reactions such as fever, fatigue and headache. Abnormal reaction mainly refers to the related reaction that causes organ or function damage of the recipient, which is rare, such as acute severe allergic reaction.
XI. What is psychogenic response?
Psychogenic reaction refers to the reaction caused by the psychological factors of the recipients after vaccination, which is mainly caused by psychological pressure and anxiety during vaccination, without organic damage and has nothing to do with the vaccine. Some are "needle-dizzy" like manifestations, and some are "hysteria" like manifestations. Group psychogenic reaction may occur during group vaccination activities.
What is the coupling reaction?
Coupling disease (coupling reaction) refers to the fact that in the process of vaccination, the recipient is just in the incubation period or prophase of a disease, and it happens coincidentally after vaccination. Therefore, coupling disease (coupling reaction) is not caused by vaccination, has nothing to do with the vaccine, and is not an adverse reaction after vaccination. Sometimes the coupling disease after vaccination can’t be judged immediately, so it needs to be reported in time, and it also needs the institutions such as disease control and prevention to investigate and the expert group of investigation and diagnosis to make a diagnosis.
Thirteen, which circumstances do not belong to the abnormal reaction of vaccination?
Abnormal reaction of vaccination refers to the adverse drug reaction caused by qualified vaccine in the process of implementing standardized vaccination or after implementing standardized vaccination, and all parties concerned have no fault. The following situations do not belong to the abnormal reaction of vaccination: general reaction, vaccine quality accident, vaccination accident, coupling disease (coupling reaction) and psychogenic reaction.
XIV. How is the monitoring of suspected adverse reactions to vaccination carried out in China?
The Vaccine Management Law, the National Monitoring Plan for Suspected Adverse Reactions of Vaccination, and the Measures for Identification of Adverse Reactions of Vaccination have clear provisions on monitoring and reporting of suspected adverse reactions of vaccination.
Specific measures include defining the responsible reporting unit, the responsible reporter, the content and time limit of the report, and stipulating the standards of suspected vaccine adverse reactions that need to be investigated, and the diagnosis of abnormal reactions needs to be completed by the investigation and diagnosis expert group, and the identification needs to be completed by the provincial and municipal medical associations. The monitoring of suspected vaccine adverse reactions is realized through the monitoring information system established by China CDC, and information sharing is realized between CDC and ADR monitoring institutions. Disease control institutions at all levels and adverse drug reaction monitoring institutions will also regularly analyze and evaluate the monitored information. If there is a major event, it will be analyzed and evaluated in time.
The systematic and standardized monitoring of vaccine adverse reactions in China started in 2005. With the development and deepening of the work, the monitoring level of vaccine adverse reactions has been greatly improved. In 2011 and 2014, the ability of the World Health Organization (WHO) to monitor adverse reactions in China’s national vaccine supervision system was evaluated, and the monitoring indicators of adverse reactions of vaccines met or exceeded the WHO evaluation standards.
15. What is the protection durability of Covid-19 vaccine currently used in China?
Covid-19 vaccine is a newly developed and put into use vaccine, which needs continuous monitoring and related research after large-scale vaccination to accumulate more scientific evidence and evaluate the protection durability of Covid-19 vaccine.
16. Can Covid-19 vaccines from different manufacturers replace vaccination?
At present, there is no evidence that different manufacturers or different kinds of Covid-19 vaccines can replace vaccination. It is suggested that the same vaccine from the same manufacturer should be used to complete the vaccination at this stage.
17. What should we pay attention to in the process of vaccination in Covid-19?
In the process of vaccination, the recipients should pay attention to and cooperate with the following matters:
Before vaccination, you should know about COVID-19’s disease, Covid-19’s vaccine and vaccination process in advance.
When vaccinating, you need to bring relevant certificates (ID card, passport, etc.), do personal protection according to local prevention and control requirements, cooperate with the on-site vaccination staff to ask, and truthfully provide information such as my health status and vaccination contraindications.
After inoculation, you need to stay for 30 minutes; Keep the skin of the inoculated area clean and avoid scratching the inoculated area with your hands; If there is any suspected adverse reaction, report it to the inoculation unit and seek medical treatment in time if necessary.
Eighteen, why should I stay on observation for half an hour after vaccination?
After vaccination, a very small number of people may have acute allergic reactions and syncope. Acute allergic reactions that seriously endanger life safety often occur within 30 minutes after vaccination. In case of acute allergic reaction, you can take timely treatment measures at the scene. Syncope also occurs mostly within half an hour after inoculation. If you leave the observation site immediately after inoculation, you may cause accidental injury to the recipient due to syncope. Therefore, the recipients need to stay in the designated area of the vaccination unit for half an hour after vaccination.
Nineteen, Covid-19 vaccine in the human body is how to play a role?
After vaccination, the human body will produce protective antibodies, and some vaccines will also make the human body produce cellular immunity and form corresponding immune memory. In this way, the human body has immunity against diseases. Once Covid-19 invades the human body, antibodies produced by vaccines and cytokines released by cellular immunity can identify, neutralize or kill the virus, and immune memory can quickly mobilize the immune system to play a role, so that the virus cannot continue to proliferate in the body, thus achieving the purpose of preventing diseases.
Twenty, after vaccination, how long will it take to produce antibodies against Covid-19?
According to the previous clinical trial of inactivated vaccine in Covid-19, after about two weeks of the second dose of inactivated vaccine, the vaccinated population can produce better immune effect.
Twenty-one, after the mutation in Covid-19, is Covid-19 vaccine still useful?
Virus is one of the simplest organisms, and its proliferation depends on living cells. In the process of proliferation, the virus will mutate. From the global monitoring of Covid-19 mutation, there is no evidence that virus mutation will invalidate the existing Covid-19 vaccine. However, the World Health Organization, research institutions in various countries and vaccine manufacturers are paying close attention to the variation in Covid-19, and are also carrying out related research, which will provide early warning and scientific analysis basis for the subsequent vaccine development and application.
Twenty-two, if ordinary people have the willingness to vaccinate in Covid-19, can they sign up for vaccination?
At present, China’s vaccination strategy is to follow the "two-step" plan, and the first step is the vaccination of key populations. In the second step, more vaccines will be put into use as the vaccine is approved for marketing and the vaccine output is gradually improved. By carrying out vaccination in an orderly manner, the eligible public can achieve "all the answers", gradually build an immune barrier among the crowd, and control the prevalence of COVID-19 in China.
Twenty-three, people who are not included in the key population and have not been vaccinated with Covid-19 vaccine, what protective measures should be taken?
At present, China’s vaccination strategy is to follow the "two-step" plan. The first step is the vaccination of key populations, and the second step is the vaccination of other populations. In the process of epidemic prevention and control in COVID-19, all the non-vaccine prevention and control measures implemented in China are very effective. Although the public may not be vaccinated for the time being, there are still many effective prevention and control measures, such as wearing masks, keeping social distance, washing hands frequently and ventilation.
24. What are the common adverse reactions of vaccination in Covid-19?
From the results of clinical trials of Covid-19 vaccine and the information collected during emergency use, the common adverse reactions of Covid-19 vaccine are basically similar to those of other vaccines that have been widely used. Common adverse reactions are mainly manifested as redness, induration and pain at the inoculation site, as well as clinical manifestations such as fever, fatigue, nausea, headache and muscle soreness.
Twenty-five, what factors may affect the vaccination effect of Covid-19 vaccine?
Usually, factors such as pathogen, vaccine characteristics and recipient status affect the vaccination effect of the vaccine. In the process of vaccine development and use, in order to ensure the vaccination effect, the above factors are all within the scope of consideration. As a brand-new vaccine, Covid-19 vaccine needs further observation and research.
Twenty-six, have been infected with Covid-19, do you still need to be vaccinated with Covid-19 vaccine?
For most infectious diseases, people will have certain immunity after being infected with pathogens, and this group of people usually do not belong to the vaccination target, such as smallpox, measles, rubella, chickenpox and other diseases. At present, although there are reports of secondary infection in people who have been infected with Covid-19, the problem is still a case and has not been widespread, and more follow-up studies are needed to reach a conclusion. For the known confirmed cases and asymptomatic infected persons in COVID-19 before vaccination, it is not recommended to vaccinate Covid-19 vaccine at present; Anyone who has not been clearly infected with Covid-19 or suffered from COVID-19 can be vaccinated if they meet the vaccination conditions.
27. Will our prevention and control measures be adjusted after the vaccination?
For individuals, the protective effect of vaccination is not 100%, and it takes some time to produce protective antibodies; For the population, Covid-19 is still easy to spread without forming an immune barrier. Therefore, in order to prevent the COVID-19 epidemic from rebounding, other prevention and control measures should be adhered to at this stage, including wearing masks, keeping social distance, washing hands frequently, ventilation and other protective measures.
Twenty-eight, Covid-19 vaccine how to carry out the whole traceability work?
"Vaccine Management Law" requires the state to implement the whole-course electronic traceability system of vaccines. After the vaccine goes on the market, there should be accurate and standardized records in all aspects, such as production, transportation, storage and transportation, use, etc. The information recorded in the whole process includes vaccine varieties, vaccine manufacturers, dosage forms, specifications, batch numbers, expiration dates and vaccination case information, etc. The areas where information management is realized will be entered into the electronic information system in time, and the above information will be traced back to the whole process of vaccine circulation and use through the electronic information system and other means.
Twenty-nine, do you need to test for antibodies before deciding whether to vaccinate Covid-19 vaccine?
The production of specific antibodies in human body is generally obtained by natural infection or vaccination. At present, it is not completely clear what level of antibody is needed to prevent COVID-19. It is suggested that anyone who meets the vaccination conditions can be vaccinated as long as they are not clearly infected with Covid-19 or have suffered from COVID-19, and there is no need to test whether there are antibodies before vaccination.
30. Will Covid-19 vaccine need to be vaccinated every year like influenza vaccine?
Usually, factors such as pathogen, vaccine characteristics and recipient status affect the vaccination effect of the vaccine. Influenza virus mutates quickly, and the protection period of influenza vaccine is short, so it needs to be vaccinated every year. Although there has been a certain degree of mutation in Covid-19, according to the information published on the website of the World Health Organization, there is no evidence that the existing Covid-19 vaccine is invalid in view of the mutation in Covid-19 in Britain, South Africa and other countries. Whether Covid-19 vaccine will be vaccinated every year like influenza vaccine needs to continue to study the influence of virus variation on vaccination effect and the protection durability of the vaccine.
